Innovative Therapeutic Approaches Based on Nanotechnology for the Treatment and Management of Tuberculosis

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB), derived from bacterium named Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has become one of the worst infectious and contagious illnesses in the world after HIV/AIDS. Long-term therapy, a high pill burden, lack of compliance, and strict management regimens are disadvantages which resulted in the extensively drug-resistant (XDR) along with multidrug-resistant (MDR) in the treatment of TB. One of the main thrust areas for the current scenario is the development of innovative intervention tools for early diagnosis and therapeutics towards Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). This review discusses various nanotherapeutic agents that have been developed for MTB diagnostics, anti-TB drugs and vaccine. Undoubtedly, the concept of employing nanoparticles (NPs) has strong potential in this therapy and offers impressive outcomes to conquer the disease. Nanocarriers with different types were designed for drug delivery applications via various administration methods. Controlling and maintaining the drug release might be an example of the benefits of utilizing a drug-loaded NP in TB therapy over conventional drug therapy. Furthermore, the drug-encapsulated NP is able to lessen dosage regimen and can resolve the problems of insufficient compliance. Over the past decade, NPs were developed in both diagnostic and therapeutic methods, while on the other hand, the therapeutic system has increased. These "theranostic" NPs were designed for nuclear imaging, optical imaging, ultrasound, imaging with magnetic resonance and the computed tomography, which includes both single-photon computed tomography and positron emission tomography. More specifically, the current manuscript focuses on the status of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in the treatment of TB.

Breaking barriers: The potential of nanosystems in antituberculosis therapy

“…The TB treatment from a clinical administration standpoint poses significant challenges, especially given the bioavailability issues associated with oral and intravenous drug delivery [ [116] , [117] , [118] ]. Although the oral administration route is the most widely used and practical method, its effectiveness is largely determined by the drug's ability to be absorbed through the intestinal wall [ 119 ].…”

Nanocarriers in Tuberculosis Treatment: Challenges and Delivery Strategies

“…The currently available drugs for treatment of TB are distributed throughout the body via systemic blood circulation after being ingested or administered intravenously, and many molecules aggregate in other body regions rather than reaching the intended site, leading to adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, ocular toxicity, and ototoxicity. The majority of anti-TB medications are taken orally, which causes pharmacokinetic problems such as reduced bioavailability and a low therapeutic index [20]. Drug therapy used in the traditional manner requires a protracted therapy regimen that involves the continuous and frequent administration of several medications, which lowers patient adherence to current therapies.…”

“…PLGA has also been authorized for use in a number of medical applications. To prevent the entry of antibiotics and protein medicines, degradable PLGA polymers have been utilized [20]. These nanoparticles can be successfully phagocytosed by human alveolar macrophages, which causes a buildup of the drug in the intracellular milieu and results in bacterial oblation [56].…”

“…Additionally, it might aid in lowering the prevalence of infectious diseases, such as malaria, that are resistant to antimicrobials. Several benefits, including the large surface area of the sub-micron-sized particles, increased interaction of the vaccine with the large surface area of the respiratory mucosa and enhanced penetration into bacilli-loaded granulomas attributed to nanotechnology-based approaches, may particularly benefit in targeting the most common respiratory forms of TB against which BCG appears to be ineffective [20]. Previous research has shown the ability of the antigens implanted on nano-particulate platforms to improve immune response to other pathogens causing other infectious diseases, indicating the possibility of TB vaccines having the same capability once created [21].…”

Innovative Nanodelivery Systems Transform Tuberculosis Treatment with Pyrazinamide-loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

“…Chitosan nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising solution, demonstrating potential in enhancing drug efficacy, prolonging therapeutic effects, reducing drug resistance, dosage frequency, and ultimately improving patient adherence [2]. The transformative capabilities of nanoparticles in molecular manipulation have revolutionized drug delivery [3]. Chitosan nanoparticles, distinguished by their biodegradability, biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and facile preparation, constitute integral tools in modern drug delivery across diverse applications, including parenteral and per-oral administration, gene delivery, vaccine delivery, ocular drug delivery, brain targeting, stability enhancement, and controlled drug release [4].…”