Innovative ochre processing and tool use in China 40,000 years ago

Abstract

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New Late Pleistocene age for the Homo sapiens skeleton from Liujiang southern China

“…Dennell and colleagues 50 made a distinction between the northern Palearctic and southern Oriental biogeographic zones of Eastern Asia, marking differences in population movements, biological and cultural inter-connections and adaptive behaviours. In northern China, new stone tool-making technology, including blades and microblades, emerges alongside bone tools suggesting rapid and widespread population migration and technological diffusion in an open steppe environment during this period 51 , 52 . In contrast, in southern China, microblade technology only appears around 15 ka in Niupo cave of Guizhou Province 53 , with archaeological evidence mostly supporting regional adaptations to an array of ecosystems.…”

Human history and behavioral adaptations in North China during marine isotope stage 3

“…(a) 1、2、6~8, 通天洞遗址出土石器 [15] ; 3、4, 金斯太遗址出土石器 [16] ; 5, 西白马 营遗址出土石器 [20] ; 9、10, 乌兰木伦遗址出土石器 [18] ; 11、12, 西白马营出土骨器 [20] . (b) 1~3, 峙峪遗址出土石器 [23] ; 4, 水洞沟遗址出土石器 [24] ; 5~7, 下马碑出土石器 [25] ; 8, 峙峪出土石墨装饰品 [23] ; 9, 下马碑出土赤铁矿颜料 [25] ; 10, 峙峪出土骨器 [23] ; 11, 下马碑出土骨器 [25] . (c) 1~3, 水洞沟 第二地点出土石器 [24] ; 4、5, 西山头出土石器 [26] ; 6~10, 西沙河遗址出土石器 [27] ; 11~15, 山顶洞装饰品 [28] ; 16~18, 小孤山出土骨器 [19] Figure 2 Represetive lithic artefacts, ornaments (ocher) and bone tools in the three stages of MIS3.…”

“…(a) 1, 2, 6-8, lithc artifacts of Tongtiandong [15] ; 3 and 4, lithic artifacts of Jinsitai [16] ; 5, lithic artifacts of Xibaimaying [20] ; 9 and 10, lithic artifacts of Wulanmulun [18] ; 11 and 12, bone tools of Xibaimaying [20] . (b) 1-3, lithic artifacts of Shiyu [23] ; 4, lithic artifacts of Shuidonggou [24] ; 5−7, lithic artifacts of Xiamabei [25] ; 8, graphite disc of Shiyu [23] ; 9, ochre of Xiambei [25] ; 10, bone tool of Shiyu [24] ; 11, bone tool of Xiamabei [25] . (c) 1−3, lithic artifacts of Shuidonggou [24] ; 4 and 5, lithic artifacts of Xishantou [26] ; 6−10, lithic artifacts of Xishahe [27] ; 11−15, ornaments of Zhoukoudian Upper cave [28] ; 16−18, bone tools of Xiaogushan [19] 术行为表征, 在我国北方地区的峙峪、水洞沟等遗址 被确认 [26,27] ,…”

“…遗址中修铤着 柄工具也得以大量确认, 其加工概念罕见于欧亚大陆 西侧的IUP和旧石器晚期石器组合中, 但在前一阶段已 出现于中国北方地区, 并在旧石器时代晚期的朝鲜半 岛和日本普遍存在 [32,33] . 距今约4万年前泥河湾盆地下马碑遗址的考古遗 存则清晰记录了此阶段中国北方地区现代人的生活场 景, 包括有序的营地生活、赤铁矿的研磨加工、细小 石器的着柄使用和磨制骨器的加工 [25] . 这一系列具有 .…”

Non-Destructive Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Quantitative Analysis Of Geological Materials

“…15 Furthermore, X-rays interact more weakly with matter than electrons, while they have relatively higher penetration depth in the sample (up to 1 mm for X-rays compared to a few microns for electrons). 25 These advantages make μXRF increasingly popular in the chemical characterization of geological, 22,26 paleontological, 14,27,28 planetary, 15 archaeological, 29,30 cultural heritage, 31 and biological samples. 32 Besides obtaining chemical information at a high spatial resolution within a sample, 17,21,22,27 scanning μXRF can produce multi-element maps and single-element heat maps that can be used for quantifying modal abundance, sizes, shapes, and degrees of segmented components.…”