Innovative combination of QuEChERS extraction with on-line solid-phase extract purification and pre-concentration, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their metabolites in sewage sludge

Approach to the Dynamic of Carbamazepine and its Main Metabolites in Soil Contamination through the Reuse of Wastewater and Sewage Sludge

“…Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhCs) are continuously released into the environment. Their presence in several environmental compartments as wastewater [1][2][3], surface water [1,4] or sewage sludge [5][6][7], and soil [5] has been widely documented. Many of these compounds enter into the soil due to irrigation with treated wastewater [8] or through sewage sludge applied to the agricultural soils as organic amendment [9].…”

Glyphosate Determination by Coupling an Immuno-Magnetic Assay with Electrochemical Sensors

“…Nevertheless, the matrix effect percentage (ME%) was also evaluated and found to be 15%. Indeed, even if a possible interference from the matrix on the binding properties of the antibodies/modified magnetic beads on the enzymatic activity of the tracer and on the electrode fouling may not be excluded, a |ME% | ≤ 20%, is considered by several authors to have a negligible influence on analytical performance [ 35 ].…”

Analysis of 60 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sewage sludge by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy

“…Analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as salicylic acid, naproxen and diclofenac were present at levels < MLQ (45, 9 and 80) ng g − 1 , respectively. In Italy, the analgesic salicylic acid was detected in sludge samples at concentrations between 12 and 57 ng g − 1 [30] and in Brazil at concentrations below 100 ng g − 1 [31]. Naproxen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was also present in sludge samples at a concentration of 0.94 ng g − 1 [30] in Italy and at a concentration of 39.8 ng g − 1 in United Kingdom [10].…”

“…In Italy, the analgesic salicylic acid was detected in sludge samples at concentrations between 12 and 57 ng g − 1 [30] and in Brazil at concentrations below 100 ng g − 1 [31]. Naproxen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was also present in sludge samples at a concentration of 0.94 ng g − 1 [30] in Italy and at a concentration of 39.8 ng g − 1 in United Kingdom [10]. In addition, diclofenac, another non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug very used, was found in Brazil at concentrations of 25 and 60.6 ng g − 1 [28] and at an average concentration of 140 ng g − 1 [13] in France.…”