They constantly search and sometimes they find what they are looking for': This quotation from a participant in Banu Uslu's study on practitioners' perception of academicians may serve as an introduction to this issue of EECER journal. It comprises a broad range of topics, theoretical orientations, cultural perspectives and research methodologies, demonstrating the diversity of current research in the field of international early childhood education and care. The employed research methods include very different approaches, ranging from ethnographic field studies to quantitative testing of results of defined programmes. The contributions take up perspectives of children, practitioners, principals, parents, and of course those of the authors, who position themselves not only as researchers but as well as advocates of high-quality ECEC provision. The issue opens up with two contributions on science and mathematics as learning fields in ECEC. The relevance of these fields for early learning is widely acknowledged today (Fleer and Pramling 2015; Thiel and Perry 2018). The need for qualified workers and not at least debates on the low proportion of women in the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields have resulted in programmes for STEM activities already in kindergarten and preschool. However, the predominantly female teachers still rarely offer science activities in preschool (Sundberg et al. 2018), and stereotypes like 'Science is not for girls!' or 'Boys are better in math!' prevail, despite international studies showing that in early age, gender differences in these fields are inconsistent and relatively small. Against this backdrop, programmes intended to support professional development of ECEC teachers, encouraging them to provide science activities more frequently. Julia Barenthien, Elisa Oppermann, Mirjam Steffensky and Yvonne Anders report from an evaluation study of such courses in Germany. Not surprisingly, involvement of preschool teachers in science activities for preschool children was related to their amount of professional development in this field. However, the authors also highlight the role of professional exchange within teams for the frequency of science activities, which seems to activate even team members who had not participated in specific programmes. Tone Salomonsen and Elin Reikerås examined gender differences in the early mathematical skills of children at risk of developing mathematical difficulties. Although no gender differences were found in the total scores, a detailed analysis showed that two-thirds of the low-performing toddlers were boyscontrary to stereotypes of 'natural' better abilities of boys and men in mathematics. This clarifies that a detailed analysis of gender differences, with regard to age and specific contexts, is necessary to avoid gender stereotypes. Based on their results, the authors argue for the use of assessment tools for difficulties in mathematical development already in toddler age. The following three contributions deal with important...