Innovative Approach of PM Removal System for a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle using Non-Thermal Plasma

Kim, Yoon-Ho; Naito, Kunihiko; Hirotoshi, Fujikawa; Ogawa, T.; Isao, Tan; Hasegawa, Kunio; Tanaka, Hiroyuki

doi:10.4271/2007-01-0236

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…An engine dynamometer was used to evaluate the generating performance according to the official standard for lightduty vehicles in Japan (JC08). [26,27] C-91, which showed the highest power-generating energy in the laboratory test and corresponded well with the correlation of D F , was chosen as the best sample. A generated energy of 1.3 mW cm −3 was obtained, which is 13 times higher than that in a previous study of 0.1 mW cm −3 (C-6), [1] as shown in Figure 4.…”

Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 96%

Relationship Between the Material Properties and Pyroelectric‐Generating Performance of PZTs

Yamanaka¹,

Kim²,

Nakajima³

et al. 2017

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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according to a given temperature variation during generating cycle:It was indicated that the D F could be effective as a FOM for the pyroelectric generating performance and the dielectric loss (tanδ) significantly affected the generating performance in addition to p under hightemperature and electric-field conditions. Furthermore, of the PZTs tested, the C-91 sample (see further), which showed the highest generating performance, resulted in a generated energy of 1.3 mW cm −3 in the engine dynamometer assessment. This is 13 times greater than the generated energy reported in a previous study of C-6 (0.1 mW cm −3 ). [1] How much wasted heat exists, and how can we utilize it as renewable energy? These questions have been explored in automotive applications. Recently, there has been increasing interest in thermoelectric generation as an energy-regeneration technology because of the increasing concerns about environmental pollution and commitments to a low-carbon society.Therefore, to improve the fuel efficiency (energy saving) of automobiles, in this study, we focus on exhaust losses (exhaust gas), which account for approximately 30% of the gasoline energy, which is equal to the driving energy, [2] and developed an exhaust energy-regeneration technology based on thermoelectric generation.In pyroelectric applications, the general figures of merit (FOMs) have been applied and reported near room temperature. We derived the modified FOMs in considering our electro-thermodynamic cycle for the usage environment of automotive applications. The relationship between the material properties and generating performance of PZTs was investigated at various temperatures. The F D was suggested from F D , a FOM for a pyroelectric sensor, based on the modified pyroelectric coefficient (p); p . p was calculated by the change of the spontaneous polarization (P S ) according to a given temperature variation during one cycle; ΔP S /ΔT (T max −T min ). It was indicated that the F F D D could be effective as a FOM for the pyroelectric generating performance and the dielectric loss (tanδ ) significantly affected the generating performance in addition to p p under high-temperature and electric field conditions. Furthermore, of the PZTs tested, C-91 sample which showed the highest generating performance resulted in a generating energy of 1.3 mW cm -3 in the engine dynamometer assessment. This is 13 times greater than the generating energy reported in a previous study of C-6 (0.1 mW cm -3 ).In pyroelectric applications, general figures of merit (FOMs) have been applied and reported at near room temperature. We derived modified FOMs for the usage environment of automotive applications by considering an electro-thermodynamic cycle. The relationship between the material properties and the generating performance of lead zirconate titanates (PZTs) was investigated at various temperatures. A general FOM F D for a pyroelectric sensor, quantifying the electrical noise caused by thermal energy (Johnson noise) was modified and suggested as D

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Section: Wwwadvancedsciencenewscommentioning

confidence: 96%

Relationship Between the Material Properties and Pyroelectric‐Generating Performance of PZTs

Yamanaka¹,

Kim²,

Nakajima³

et al. 2017

Advanced Sustainable Systems

Self Cite

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“…[ 22 ] For automobile applications, however, the temperature fl uctuation shows large and irregular changes. [ 23,24 ] , In addition, the applicable external electric fi eld is limited; therefore, it is diffi cult to satisfy high effi ciency requirements. Despite these challenges, we obtained similar results to those in the literature.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201401942mentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Electrothermodynamic Power Generation

Kim¹,

Kim²,

Yamanaka³

et al. 2015

Advanced Energy Materials

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The electrothermodynamic cycle is described by the loop of the electric displacement, D , versus the electric fi eld, E ( D-E loop). In Figure 1 a, a schematic of the theoretical Olsen cycle is presented as ABCD. The cycle begins at a low temperature ( T low ) with no electric fi eld (point A). When the electric fi eld ( E 1 ) is applied, the state moves to point B (path AB), corresponding to the hysteresis loop section of the material obtained at T low (see Figure S1b, Supporting Information), denoting an increase in electric displacement. The temperature is increased to the value T high (path BC). Then, electric displacement corresponds to another hysteresis loop, obtained at T high (point C). Removing the external electric fi eld, the state moves to point D along the hysteresis loop at T high (path CD). Finally, the temperature is decreased to T low , and the state moves to point A (path DA). The produced loop area is considered as an energy density ( N D , the area of the D -E loop); the power density ( P D , = N D f ) is also evaluated from the area. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] To the best of our knowledge, there is no application that satisfi es a true energy breakeven because of the diffi culties associated with fi nding a suitable energy source that can simultaneously give alternative heat and an electric fi eld. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] In this study, a novel electrothermodynamic cycle is presented based on temporal temperature variation to obtain practical net energy from exhaust heat of automobile. Another representative heat electric conversion cycle, the Stirling cycle, is modifi ed, and this cycle has a higher potential than the Olsen cycle. [ 6,7 ] The most representative pyro and piezoelectric material, PZT (C-6, Curie temperature T C : 305 °C), is employed. The temperature variation is considered as a simple pseudo-sinusoidal wave based on the imaging of the temperature fl uctuation of the exhaust gas. An external electric fi eld is applied to the material corresponding to the temperature variation (see details in the Supporting Information). The general Sawyer-Tower (ST) circuit is redesigned by inductions of a Diode and a SWitch (named as DSW circuit, see Figure S2b, Supporting Information) to evaluate the D-E loop and simultaneously harvest the net energy.In Figure 1 a, a schematic of our cycle (ABC 1 D) is shown. The AB path is the same as the Olsen cycle. The material is then isolated and the electric displacement D is kept constant while the temperature is increased to T high . The voltage is increased to the E 2 value (path BC 1 ) based on the electrothermodynamic equation: [ 15,16 ] and p are the electric displacement, electric fi eld, temperature, dielectric permittivity, time, and pyroelectric coeffi cient, respectively (see details in the Supporting Information). Then, the material is reconnected to the circuit, and the state moves to point D (path C 1 D). Finally, temperature is decreased back to T low , and the D-E loop is closed. The triangular area BC 1 C is the additional ...

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“…[45,46] The result of the assessments with PMN-PT is displayed with the previous results of PZT (A) [36] and soft PZT (B) [41] in Figure 8. [45,46] The result of the assessments with PMN-PT is displayed with the previous results of PZT (A) [36] and soft PZT (B) [41] in Figure 8.…”

Section: Generating Assessment With a Real Engine Dynamometermentioning

confidence: 63%

Electrical and Crystallographic Study of an Electrothermodynamic Cycle for a Waste Heat Recovery

Kim¹,

Yamanaka²,

Nakajima³

et al. 2018

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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For decades, wasted heat has increased, and the thermal energy conversion system has become more important, especially in automobile applications. For waste heat recovery, an innovative electrothermodynamic cycle (pyroelectric effect with an external electric field) was recently presented, which is based on temporal temperature variations in wasted heat from engine exhaust gas. Herein, for further improvement, a generating mechanism of the cycle is investigated via an Operando analysis, time‐resolved synchrotron X‐ray diffraction with generating assessment. Polarization changes are analyzed via simultaneous electrical and crystallographic studies. Three types of materials are prepared: soft and hard types of PZTs and lead magnesium niobate—lead titanate (PMN‐PT). Among them, PMN‐PT has the highest generating power. When an external electric field is applied, the PMN‐PT exhibits only 180° domain rotations, whereas the other materials exhibit both 90° and 180° rotations. A strong driving force for 180° rotation depresses rotations in other angles and increases polarization changes. The results show that the material development, which has only 180° switching domains, has potential for use in the establishment of a high‐efficiency waste heat recovery system.

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Innovative Approach of PM Removal System for a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle using Non-Thermal Plasma

Cited by 5 publications

References 12 publications

Relationship Between the Material Properties and Pyroelectric‐Generating Performance of PZTs

Relationship Between the Material Properties and Pyroelectric‐Generating Performance of PZTs

Novel Electrothermodynamic Power Generation

Electrical and Crystallographic Study of an Electrothermodynamic Cycle for a Waste Heat Recovery

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