Innovative Application of Acid Leaching to Regenerate Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Bian, Yifan; Xu, Siwenyu; Fan, Ersha; Xue, Qilong; Guan, Yibiao; Wu, Feng; Li, Li; Chen, Renjie

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04373

Cited by 160 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Oxalate has also been demonstrated as an effective coprecipitation agent to achieve a similar effect . Along these lines, Zhang et al demonstrated a unique proof‐of‐concept approach where pure NMC powder was leached with oxalic acid. As mentioned previously, oxalic acid generates MC 2 O 4 (M = Ni, Co, and Mn) precipitate, and thus Li + was selectively leached, while the powder suspension comprised MC 2 O 4 and unreacted NMC.…”

Section: Cathode Resynthesis Directly From Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Cathode Resynthesis Directly From Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…Yao et al [74] used similar strategy to attain good electrochemical performance with the regenerated cathode, NCM. [78] In addition to the organic acids leaching, usage of conventional inorganic acids has also been investigated. The same group found that regenerated NCM via sol-gel process could be able to achieve 139 mAh g −1 after 30 cycles.…”

Section: Resynthesis Of Ncmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, merely 0.6 m oxalic acid is applied to recover the maximum amount of metal ions in a short time without the assistance of dangerous H 2 O 2 . It can be seen that the regenerated product from 10 min delivered the discharge capacity of 154 mAh g −1 after 150 cycles inspiring the battery research to design cathode material from spent LIBs …”

Section: Spent Materials In Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Natarajan

Aravindan

2018

Advanced Energy Materials

218

126

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Where sustainability is concerned, recycling of reutilizable wastes will always occupy the apex of the green chemistry research. Handling electronic wastes in a green manner without affecting the ecology and human health is one of the main challenges for material chemists and gains top priority among other fields of research. At present, handling and recycling of spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is a key priority. Due to these environmental concerns, massive interest has been triggered in various crystal structures of metal oxides, and different kinds of carbon materials that provide the opportunities to replace the commercial LIBs for energy storage and conversion applications in a cost‐effective manner. Reports are available on the recycling of spent LIBs, but these reports mainly focus on the metal recovery process rather than finding suitable applications for the recovered material. This present work exclusively summarizes the global demand for LIB raw materials, tactics in the resynthesis process along with the wide range of growing applications of spent LIB materials. Finally, the future prospects of applications that utilize spent LIB materials are addressed.

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“…A review of the available literature supports the efficacy of hydrometallurgical processing over the pyro and bio metallurgical recycling strategies [18][19][20][21]. The hydrometallurgical processes usually consist of a leaching step for solubilizing the metals into either mineral acid solutions (HCl, H 2 SO 4 , H 3 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Pregnant leach liquor is treated by various separation and purification steps to recover the metal values [18,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of end-of-life LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries for rare metals recovery

Sattar

Ilyas

Kousar

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Research

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An investigation of rare metals recovery from LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode material of the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries is presented. To determine the influence of reductant on the leach process, the cathode material (containing Li 7.6%, Co 20.4%, Mn 19.4%, and Ni 19.3%) was leached in H2SO4 solutions either with or without H2O2. The optimal process parameters with respect to acid concentration, addition dosage of H2O2, temperature, and the leaching time were found to be 2.0 M H2SO4, 4 vol.% H2O2, 70°C, and 150 min, respectively. The yield of metal values in the leach liquor was > 99%. The leach liquor was subsequently treated by precipitation techniques to recover nickel as Ni(C4H7N2O2)2 and lithium as Li2CO3 with stoichiometric ratios of 2:1 and 1.2:1 of dimethylglyoxime:Ni and Na2CO3:Li, respectively. Cobalt was recovered by solvent extraction following a 3-stage process using Na-Cyanex 272 at pHeq ~5.0 with an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio (O/A) of 2/3. The loaded organic phase was stripped with 2.0 M H2SO4 at an O/A ratio of 8/1 to yield a solution of 114 g/L CoSO4; finally recovered CoSO4.xH2O by crystallization. The process economics were analyzed and found to be viable with a margin of $476 per ton of the cathode material.

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Innovative Application of Acid Leaching to Regenerate Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ Cathodes from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cited by 160 publications

References 37 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Burgeoning Prospects of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries in Multifarious Applications

Recycling of end-of-life LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries for rare metals recovery

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