“…As for numerical methods, finite element analyses (FEAs) have been extensively employed, which typically fall into two categories: (1) beam-type elements for pipe and discrete multidirectional nonlinear soil springs for soil (ASCE, 1984; Honegger and Nyman, 2017; Liu et al, 2004; O’Rourke et al, 2008), (2) shell elements for pipe and three-dimensional continuum solid elements for soil (Banushi et al, 2018; Jung et al, 2013a, 2013b; O’ROURKE, 2010; Rasouli and Fatahi, 2020; Vazouras and Karamanos, 2017; Vazouras et al, 2015, 2010; Xie et al, 2011). The former method is widely adopted in engineering practice because of its simplicity in modeling and simulation process, and low computational cost while maintaining an acceptable accuracy.…”