Innovative Activated Carbon Based on Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) and H3PO4

Abstract

In this present work, a novel method for synthesis of palm kernel shell activated carbon was established using DES (choline chloride/urea)/H3PO4 as the activating agent. The pore characterization, morphology, and adsorption properties of the activated carbons were investigated. The activated carbon samples made from the same feedstock at two pyrolysis temperatures (500 and 600 °C) were compared for their ability to adsorb Pb(II) in aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that the production of the activated carbon and adsorptive properties were significantly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature and the ratio of precursor to activating agent. DES/H3PO4 activated carbon (having surface area 1413 m2/g and total pore volume 0.6181 cm3/g) demonstrated good Pb(II) removal. Although all the tested activated carbon samples adsorbed Pb(II) from aqueous solution, they demonstrated different adsorption capabilities according to their various properties. The pyrolysis temperature, however, showed little influence on the activated carbon adsorption of Pb(II) when compared to the impregnation ratio. Their good desorption performance perhaps resulted from the porous structure.

Facile Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Palm Kernel Shell Precursor

“…The average of 30.96% of char obtained in this work produced from the PKS consists of 20.8-27.7% cellulose, 21.6-22.3% hemicelluloses, and 44.0-50.7% lignin [56,73]. Previous studies affirmed that cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the most abundant components of crude biomass materials, including PKS [7,22,55,58]. The studies postulated that the composition of biomass influences the derived carbonaceous material properties, and hence show the possible transformation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin to graphitic materials by the dehydration condensation process.…”

“…The dehydration condensation process is one way to form carbonaceous materials or CDs when biomass, precisely, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin subjected to pyrolysis. The authors showed that the individual percentage conversion of the constituents of biomass was as follows: cellulose (9%), hemicellulose (0%), and lignin (39%) at 900 • C and 21%, 4.6% and 52% at 400 • C calcination temperature, respectively [7,22,55,58]. Jiang et al and Nasir et al have characterized the graphitic material obtained from the char of carbonized PKS to graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide.…”

Experimental Measurement of Bulk Thermal Conductivity of Activated Carbon with Adsorbed Natural Gas for ANG Energy Storage Tank Design Application

“…Their findings indicated that the pharmaceutical compounds have a low level of adsorption abilities in the activated carbon. Aloysius [15] used activated carbon samples at two pyrolysis temperatures and evaluated their adsorption capacity in aqueous solution. Research results showed that activated carbon adsorptive properties were influenced to a great extent by the pyrolysis temperature.…”

A breakthrough adsorption study of modified activated carbon using different environmentally-friendly activating agents

“…It is observed that DES 1 and DES 3 exist in heterogeneous phase containing liquid and crystalline solid, whereas DES 2 and DES 4 exist in homogeneous liquid phase. Theoretically, DES with good HBA:HBD molar ratio should be clear, transparent liquid without any crystalline solids at room temperature [27]. Only DES 2 and DES 4 fulfil this criterion, which justified that they are successfully synthesized.…”

“…Since DES 1 and DES 3 were poorly formed, they would not be further investigated in this study. Another criterion of a good DES is to have low viscosity [27]. Table S3 shows the viscosity of DES 2 and DES 4 at various temperatures.…”