“…These include new silvicultural practices to more close-to-nature management or improving species mix (e.g., Bauhus et al, 2017a ; Krumm et al, 2020 ; Puettmann et al, 2012 ), the establishment of collaborative forest owner associations (e.g., Bowditch et al, 2020 ; Primmer, 2011 ), the setup of certification systems and the design of payment schemes for ecosystem services ( Živojinović et al, 2015 , Prokofieva and Wunder, 2014 ), among others. Often these governance approaches emerge as pilot studies or independent business endeavors at local level ( Maier et al, 2021 ). Some of them proved to secure conservation and social functions of forests, and were able to provide alternative income streams for forest owners (e.g., Živojinović et al, 2015 ), while for many other governance approaches a systematic evaluation of their design, implementation, and outcomes are missing (e.g., Baylis et al, 2016 ; Börner et al, 2020 ; Maier et al, 2021 ).…”