Innervation and nerve injections of the lumbar spine of the horse: a cadaveric study

Vandeweerd, Jean Michel; Desbrosse, Francis; Clegg, Peter; Hougardy, V.; Brock, Lord; Welch, Arthur; Cripps, Peter

doi:10.2746/042516407x153147

Cited by 25 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…2006). Similarly, the innervation of the multifidus in horses is similar to man, further supporting the similar role this muscle plays in the equine spine (Vandeweerd et al . 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses

Stubbs

Riggs²,

Hodges

et al. 2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing study: The multifidus muscle plays a key role in spinal stabilisation. Multifidus atrophy ipsilateral to the side of osseous pathology has been demonstrated in man and pigs but has not been investigated in horses. Objectives: To measure cross-sectional area (CSA) left/ right symmetry of equine multifidus ultrasonographically and relate asymmetry of multifidus with osseous spinal pathology in Thoroughbred racehorses. We hypothesised that ipsilateral multifidus CSA would be reduced when osseous pathological changes are present leading to left/right asymmetry in CSA. Materials and methods: Twenty-two racehorses presented for euthanasia for primary reasons other than back pain were examined clinically. Ultrasonographic images on left/right sides were acquired at 5 thoracolumbosacral levels and CSA's of multifidus or sacrocaudalis dorsalis calculated. At necropsy, osseous pathological of the TL spine and pelvis were recorded by spinal level, anatomical site, and graded (0-3) according to severity. The mean typical measurement error in estimating multifidus/sacrocaudalis dorsalis CSA was used to determine the significance of left/right asymmetries. An association between multifidus CSA asymmetry and asymmetrical grading of pathological lesions was sought using Pearson's c 2 analysis. Results: All horses had significant left/right asymmetry of multifidus CSA at >2 spinal levels, most commonly at L5 with total of 74 sites affected (22 horses). Seventeen horses had severe (grade 3) pathology, 16 of these had ipsilateral atrophy of multifidus/sacrocaudalis dorsalis. There was a significant association between pathological grade and degree of multifidus asymmetry. Conclusions: Severe osseous pathological changes were common in this population of Thoroughbred racehorses and were associated with measurable left/right asymmetry in multifidus at or close to the level of pathology. Potential relevance: Ultrasonography of multifidus may be a useful clinical tool in diagnosis of back problems in horses.

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“…2006). Similarly, the innervation of the multifidus in horses is similar to man, further supporting the similar role this muscle plays in the equine spine (Vandeweerd et al . 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses

Stubbs

Riggs²,

Hodges

et al. 2010

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Return to performance was not affected by the number of affected interspinous spaces, maximum scintigraphic grade, or total radiographic grade, which may indicate that, regardless of the severity of a given horse's ORDSP, ISLD successfully alleviates discomfort. While the mechanism by which the procedure decreases pain has not been completely elucidated, transection of the interspinous ligament may effectively abolish pain by relieving tension on afferent nociceptive fibers in the insertion of the ligament on the DSP . As previously described, the authors appreciated that successful transection of the interspinous ligament is accompanied by a crunching sound, with this sound more pronounced and accompanied by a subjective increase in force required to transect the ligament in more severely affected spaces, as determined by radiographic evaluation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Long‐term prognosis for return to athletic function after interspinous ligament desmotomy for treatment of impinging and overriding dorsal spinous processes in horses: 71 cases (2012–2017)

Prisk

García‐López

2019

Veterinary Surgery

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Objective To determine the long‐term return to performance of horses with impinging and/or overriding dorsal spinous processes (ORDSP) treated with interspinous ligament desmotomy (ISLD) and to determine the prognostic value of radiographic and scintigraphic grades. Study design Retrospective study. Animals Seventy‐one horses with ORDSP treated with ISLD. Methods Medical records were reviewed for signalment, physical examination, gait evaluation, and number of interspinous spaces treated. Preoperative radiographic and scintigraphic images were evaluated with grading scales. Follow‐up was obtained with a telephone questionnaire. Prognostic value of the number of affected interspinous spaces, radiographic grading, and scintigraphic grading was tested by using a χ2 test. Results A median follow‐up of 35 months (range, 8–64) was available for 56 horses. Fifty‐one of 56 (91.1%) horses returned to some level of performance, with 27 of 51 (52.9%) horses achieving equivalent or higher level of performance. Achieving a lower level of performance was attributed to recurrent back pain in nine of 24 (37.5%) horses and to unassociated lameness in nine of 24 (37.5%) horses. Owners of 44 of 56 (78.6%) horses were satisfied with the postoperative performance level, and owners of 46 of 56 (82.1%) horses would recommend the procedure. None of the variables tested influenced the return to performance. Conclusion Interspinous ligament desmotomy allowed horses with ORDSP to return to some level of performance, although fewer returned to an equivalent or higher level of performance than had previously been reported. Clinical significance Interspinous ligament desmotomy allows affected horses to return to some level of performance, regardless of the severity of radiographic and scintigraphic findings.

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“…It is possible that lateral bending and axial rotation are more restricted by osteoarthritis of the SIAs than by impinging or overriding of SPs, thus osteoarthritis of the SIAs alone may result in more back pain than lesions of the SPs alone. Alternatively, osteoarthritis of the SIAs may have more influence on back movement in general than lesions of the SPs, or osteoarthritis may inherently be more painful associated with nociceptive receptors in the joint capsule (Vandeweerd et al . 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Close, impinging and overriding spinous processes in the thoracolumbar spine: The relationship between radiological and scintigraphic findings and clinical signs

Zimmerman

Dyson

Murray

2011

Equine Veterinary Journal

131

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Innervation and nerve injections of the lumbar spine of the horse: a cadaveric study

Abstract: This study has a clear clinical relevance for development of diagnostic and therapeutic injection techniques of the lumbar spine in the horse.

Cited by 25 publications

References 18 publications

Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses

Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses

Long‐term prognosis for return to athletic function after interspinous ligament desmotomy for treatment of impinging and overriding dorsal spinous processes in horses: 71 cases (2012–2017)

Close, impinging and overriding spinous processes in the thoracolumbar spine: The relationship between radiological and scintigraphic findings and clinical signs

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