“…Since most atomic metals used today for laser cooling and trapping have a low saturation pressure at room temperature, a typical atomic source consists of an effusive thermal atomic beam, which is extracted from a high temperature oven. Some examples of cold atoms produced from oven source include atomic species like alkaline-earth metals (Mg 1 , Ca 2 , Sr 3 , 4 , Ba 5 , Ra 6 ), lanthanides (Eu 7 , 8 , Dy 9 , Ho 10 , Er 11 , Tm 12 , Yb 13 ), and transition-metals (Cr 14 , 15 ). Due to the high longitudinal velocity of the hot atomic beam, a Zeeman slower is often required between the oven and the final magneto-optical trap (MOT).…”