Innate Lymphoid Cells: Regulators of Gut Barrier Function and Immune Homeostasis

Fan, Hui; Wang, Aiyun; Wang, Yuan; Sun, Ye; Han, Jian; Wang, Shijun; Lu, Yin

doi:10.1155/2019/2525984

Cited by 34 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 135 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…However, a recent study has reported that ex vivo treatment with VPAC antagonists resulted in a substantial decrease in goblet cell counts in the mouse ileum indicating potential ongoing VIP regulation of goblet cell production (126). Furthermore, lamina propria ILC2 function is also regulated by VIP via VPAC2 during parasite infection (132). Interestingly, recent studies have also indicated indirect regulation of mucin production by a neuropeptide called neuromedin U (NmU) via ILC2 (89,133,134).…”

Section: Enteric Nervous System Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies

et al. 2020

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Throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a distinct mucus layer composed of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins plays an essential role in providing lubrication for the passage of food, participating in cell signaling pathways and protecting the host epithelium from commensal microorganisms and invading pathogens, as well as toxins and other environmental irritants. These mucins can be broadly classified into either secreted gel-forming mucins, those that provide the structural backbone for the mucus barrier, or transmembrane mucins, those that form the glycocalyx layer covering the underlying epithelial cells. Goblet cells dispersed among the intestinal epithelial cells are chiefly responsible for the synthesis and secretion of mucins within the gut and are heavily influenced by interactions with the immune system. Evidence from both clinical and animal studies have indicated that several GI conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and numerous enteric infections are accompanied by considerable changes in mucin quality and quantity. These changes include, but are not limited to, impaired goblet cell function, synthesis dysregulation, and altered post-translational modifications. The current review aims to highlight the structural and functional features as well as the production and immunological regulation of mucins and the impact these key elements have within the context of barrier function and host defense in intestinal inflammation.

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Section: Enteric Nervous System Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies

et al. 2020

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“…An intestinal epithelial barrier protects from invasive pathogens and also preserves the ability to absorb essential nutrients [ 235 , 236 , 237 ]. The epithelial and mucus layers provide physical separation from luminal microbiota, while mucins, sIgA, antimicrobial peptides, and various types of immune cells corporately reinforce host mucosal defense [ 235 , 238 , 239 , 240 , 241 , 242 ]. Mucosal barrier dysfunction was found to cause increased permeability, which potentially induces bacterial translocation and triggers a variety of disorders including IBS [ 243 ].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Action: Influence Of Microorganisms On Intementioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Mishima

Ishihara

2020

IJMS

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, and accumulating evidence gained in both preclinical and clinical studies indicate the involvement of enteric microbiota in its pathogenesis. Gut resident microbiota appear to influence brain activity through the enteric nervous system, while their composition and function are affected by the central nervous system. Based on these results, the term “brain–gut–microbiome axis” has been proposed and enteric microbiota have become a potential therapeutic target in IBS cases. However, details regarding the microbe-related pathophysiology of IBS remain elusive. This review summarizes the existing knowledge of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of IBS as well as recent progress related to microbiome-derived neurotransmitters, compounds, metabolites, neuroendocrine factors, and enzymes.

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“…ILC research is still in its early stages, although great progress has been made in aspects such as resistance to pathogens, regulation of chronic inflammation, tissue remodelling, cancer, and metabolic homeostasis. Several aspects of their functions as regulators of immunity, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis are still under study (48)(49)(50)(51). The gut is one of the most scrutinized tissues, and few and outdated detailed protocols exist for isolating and analysing ILCs and their cytokines, especially for the small intestine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized Protocol for Characterization of Mouse Gut Innate Lymphoid Cells

et al. 2020

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Since their discovery, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have gradually been gaining greater relevance in the field of immunology due to their multiple functions in the innate immune response. They can mainly be found in mucosal and barrier organs like skin, gut, and lungs, and have been classified into five main types (NKs, ILC1s, ILC2s, ILC3s, and Lti cells) according to their function and development. They all play major roles in functions such as tissue homeostasis, early pathogen defense, regulation of inflammation, or tissue remodeling. ILCs are mostly tissue-resident cells tightly bound to the tissue structure, a fact that requires long and complex protocols that do not always provide sufficient yield for analysis. This suggests the need for optimized approaches aimed at ensuring that enriched and viable ILC samples are obtained, in order to furnish quality results. Herein a detailed protocol is established for obtaining a single-cell suspension highly enriched in lymphoid cells from mouse gut in order to identify the different subsets of ILCs by means of flow cytometry. The cell marker panel and flow cytometry gating strategies for identification and quantification of all the different ILC populations are provided for simultaneous analysis. Moreover, the protocol described includes a procedure for studying the different cytokines produced by ILC3s involved in maintaining the integrity of the gut barrier and defending against extracellular pathogens. As a result, herein an efficient method is presented for studying mouse ILCs within the lamina propria of the small intestine and colon; this can constitute a useful tool for future investigations in the field.

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Innate Lymphoid Cells: Regulators of Gut Barrier Function and Immune Homeostasis

Cited by 34 publications

References 135 publications

Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies

Mucins in Intestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation: Learning From Clinical and Experimental Studies

Molecular Mechanisms of Microbiota-Mediated Pathology in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Optimized Protocol for Characterization of Mouse Gut Innate Lymphoid Cells

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