Innate immunity in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi developing soft tunic syndrome: Hemolymph can eliminate the causative flagellates and discriminate allogeneic hemocytes

Yanagida, Tetsuya; Nakayama, Kei; Sawada, Teruo; Honjo, Miho; Murakami, Shoko; Iida, Takaji; Hirose, Euichi; Kitamura, Shin-Ichi

doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.037

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This fusion/non-fusion reaction is determined by the genetic composition of individual colonies ( 10 – 12 ). Similar allorecognition ability has also been reported in solitary animals, such as allograft rejection in the adult sea star Dermasterias imbricata ( 13 ), cytotoxic reaction in the allogeneic immune cell mixture of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis ( 14 ), and a similar “contact reaction” by the allogeneic immune cell mixture of the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi ( 15 , 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Establishment of the immunological self in juvenile Patiria pectinifera post-metamorphosis

Taguchi

Minakata

Tame³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Ontogeny of the immune system is a fundamental immunology issue. One indicator of immune system maturation is the establishment of the immunological self, which describes the ability of the immune system to distinguish allogeneic individuals (allorecognition ability). However, the timing of immune system maturation during invertebrate ontogeny is poorly understood. In the sea star Patiria pectinifera, cells that have dissociated from the embryos and larvae are able to reconstruct larvae. This reconstruction phenomenon is possible because of a lack of allorecognition capability in the larval immune system, which facilitates the formation of an allogeneic chimera. In this study, we revealed that the adult immune cells of P. pectinifera (coelomocytes) have allorecognition ability. Based on a hypothesis that allorecognition ability is acquired before and after metamorphosis, we conducted detailed morphological observations and survival time analysis of metamorphosis-induced chimeric larvae. The results showed that all allogeneic chimeras died within approximately two weeks to one month of reaching the juvenile stage. In these chimeras, the majority of the epidermal cell layer was lost and the mesenchymal region expanded, but cell death appeared enhanced in the digestive tract. These results indicate that the immunological self of P. pectinifera is established post-metamorphosis during the juvenile stage. This is the first study to identify the timing of immune system maturation during echinodermal ontogenesis. As well as establishing P. pectinifera as an excellent model for studies on self- and non-self-recognition, this study enhances our understanding of the ontogeny of the immune system in invertebrates.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Establishment of the immunological self in juvenile Patiria pectinifera post-metamorphosis

Taguchi

Minakata

Tame³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…Ascidians are marine invertebrates that comprise more than 2000 species [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. They are classified into three orders: Aplousobranchia, Stolidobranchia, and Phlebobranchia [3,[8][9][10][11][12][13]. Ascidians are filter feeders and can be found solitary or in colonies [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction, Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharides Present in Ascidian Viscera Microcosmus exasperatus

Bento,

Maciel,

Bezerra

et al. 2023

Pharmaceuticals

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Ascidians are marine invertebrates that synthesize sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) within their viscera. Ascidian GAGs are considered analogues of mammalian GAGs and possess great potential as bioactive compounds, presenting antitumoral and anticoagulant activity. Due to its worldwide occurrence and, therefore, being a suitable organism for large-scale mariculture in many marine environments, our main objectives are to study Microcosmus exasperatus GAGs regarding composition, structure, and biological activity. We also aim to develop efficient protocols for sulfated polysaccharides extraction and purification for large-scale production and clinical applications. GAGs derived from M. exasperatus viscera were extracted by proteolytic digestion, purified by ion-exchange liquid chromatography, and characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis and enzymatic treatments. Anticoagulant activity was evaluated by APTT assays. Antitumoral activity was assessed in an in vitro model of tumor cell culture using MTT, clonogenic, and wound healing assays, respectively. Our results show that M. exasperatus presents three distinct polysaccharides; among them, two were identified: a dermatan sulfate and a fucosylated dermatan sulfate. Antitumoral activity was confirmed for the total polysaccharides (TP). While short-term incubation does not affect tumor cell viability at low concentrations, long-term TP incubation decreases LLC tumor cell growth/proliferation at different concentrations. In addition, TP decreased tumor cell migration at different concentrations. In conclusion, we state that M. exasperatus presents great potential as an alternative GAG source, producing compounds with antitumoral properties at low concentrations that do not possess anticoagulant activity and do not enhance other aspects of malignancy, such as tumor cell migration. Our perspectives are to apply these molecules in future preclinical studies for cancer treatment as antitumoral agents to be combined with current treatments to potentiate therapeutic efficacy.

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Extraction, isolation, characterization and biological activity of sulfated polysaccharides present in ascidian viscera Microcosmus exasperatus

Bento,

Maciel,

Bezerra

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Ascidians are marine invertebrates that synthesize sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) within their viscera. Ascidian GAGs are considered analogues of mammalian GAGs and possess great potential as bioactive compounds, presenting antitumor and anticoagulant activity. Due to its worldwide occurrence, and therefore, being a suitable organism for large-scale mariculture in many marine environments, our main objectives are to study Microcosmus exasperatus GAGs re-garding composition, structure and biological activity. We also aim to develop efficient protocols for sulfated polysaccharides extraction and purification aiming large-scale production and clinical applications. Ascidians were collected by free diving. GAGs were extracted by proteolytic diges-tion, purified by ion-exchange liquid chromatography, characterized by agarose gel electropho-resis and enzymatic treatments. Anticoagulant activity was evaluated by aPTT assays. Cell cyto-toxicity was evaluated by MTT assays using LLC tumor cell line. Clonogenic assay was performed using LLC cells as well. Tumor cell migration activity was evaluated in vitro by wound healing assays. Our results show that M. exasperatus presents three distinct polysaccharides. These pol-ysaccharides were fractionated into two fractions named SP1 and SP2. M. exasperatus produces a low anticoagulant dermatan sulfate (SP2) and a fucosylated dermatan sulfate composed of a hy-brid chain of dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and fucose residues with sulfations at position 2 and 6 of the N-acetyl-galactosamine (SP1), which, interestingly, is not susceptible to heparinases treatment and does not present significant anticoagulant activity. Glycans were tested as anti-tumoral agents and presented relevant activity as such. Short-term incubation with TP does not affect LLC tumor cells viability at low concentrations, while long-term incubation with TP de-creased LLC tumor cells growth/proliferation at different concentrations. TP affected LLC tumor cells migration at different concentrations. As a conclusion, we state that M. exasperatus presents great potential as an alternative GAG source compared to porcine or bovine heparin, producing suitable compounds that present antitumoral properties at low concentrations, that do not pos-sess anticoagulant activity, and do not enhance other aspects of malignancy, such as tumor cell migration and invasion. Our perspectives are to apply these molecules in future preclinical studies as a soluble formula, as well as in nanoparticles, for cancer treatment.

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Innate immunity in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi developing soft tunic syndrome: Hemolymph can eliminate the causative flagellates and discriminate allogeneic hemocytes

Cited by 4 publications

References 36 publications

Establishment of the immunological self in juvenile Patiria pectinifera post-metamorphosis

Establishment of the immunological self in juvenile Patiria pectinifera post-metamorphosis

Extraction, Isolation, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Sulfated Polysaccharides Present in Ascidian Viscera Microcosmus exasperatus

Extraction, isolation, characterization and biological activity of sulfated polysaccharides present in ascidian viscera Microcosmus exasperatus

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