Recently evolved from enteropathogenic Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Yersinia pestis acts as a blood-borne pathogen capable of parasitizing insects and causing systemic disease in mammals (1, 2). Y. pestis has acquired a variety of complex strategies to overcome defense responses in different hosts to ensure its multiplication and survival (3-5). Although a number of virulence determinants contributing to Y. pestis persistence in mammals have been identified, interactions between Y. pestis and the host immune system remain poorly understood.During its vector-mammal transmission cycle, Y. pestis must evade components of innate immunity in both insects and mammals. One of the initial immune responses against pathogens in vertebrates and invertebrates alike is the inducible humoral defense, including the production of antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species (6, 7). These inducible effectors, possessing potent antimicrobial activity, are components of the phylogenetically ancient innate immune system that predates the origins of adaptive immunity. Evolutionary conservation among pathogen recognition receptors and signaling pathways contributing to the inducible immune response has permitted the use of alternative model hosts to study innate immunity.In recent years, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become an attractive alternative model host to study certain aspects of bacterial pathogenesis and innate immunity. Even though C. elegans lacks professional immune cells, it lives in soil environments where it is in contact with soil-borne microbes and has evolved physiological mechanisms to respond to different pathogens by activating the expression of innate immune response genes that are conserved across metazoans. Typically, C. elegans is grown in the laboratory by feeding them Escherichia coli. E. coli is effectively disrupted by the C. elegans pharyngeal grinder, and almost no intact bacterial cells can be found in the intestinal lumen. Once in the gut, however, pathogenic bacteria can overcome innate immune responses to proliferate and kill C. elegans. Infection of C. elegans with Y. pestis KIM5 leads to a persistent and lethal colonization of the nematode intestine (8). In addition, similar virulence factors are required for pathogenicity in nematodes and mice (8). Infectivity and persistence of Y. pestis KIM5 in the nematode makes C. elegans an attractive whole animal system for studying the host response to infection with the plague bacterium.In this study, we examined the transcriptional response of C. elegans during infection with Y. pestis KIM5 to better understand conserved innate responses contributing to host defense during early stages of infection. Our results demonstrate a strong transcriptional response against Y. pestis highlighted by the induction of immune-related effectors that are predominantly regulated by PMK-1/p38. In C. elegans, as well as in other animals, PMK-1/p38 is likely expressed in a range of tissues where it can regulate immune responses at the cell-autonomous level ...