Innate Immunity, Environmental Drivers, and Disease Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates

Mydlarz, Laura D.; Jones, Laura; Harvell, C. Drew

doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110103

Cited by 261 publications

(203 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…Pathogen targets heat-stressed corals M Garren et al bacterial infection of stressed animals (Mydlarz et al, 2006;Verbrugghe et al, 2012) suggests that chemical interactions such as these may be a recurring element in other marine diseases. The behavioral response of V. coralliilyticus to coral mucus and DMSP is not limited to chemotaxis, but includes a second, powerful behavioral adaptation: chemokinesis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bacterial pathogen uses dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a cue to target heat-stressed corals

et al. 2013

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Diseases are an emerging threat to ocean ecosystems. Coral reefs, in particular, are experiencing a worldwide decline because of disease and bleaching, which have been exacerbated by rising seawater temperatures. Yet, the ecological mechanisms behind most coral diseases remain unidentified. Here, we demonstrate that a coral pathogen, Vibrio coralliilyticus, uses chemotaxis and chemokinesis to target the mucus of its coral host, Pocillopora damicornis. A primary driver of this response is the host metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), a key element in the global sulfur cycle and a potent foraging cue throughout the marine food web. Coral mucus is rich in DMSP, and we found that DMSP alone elicits chemotactic responses of comparable intensity to whole mucus. Furthermore, in heat-stressed coral fragments, DMSP concentrations increased fivefold and the pathogen's chemotactic response was correspondingly enhanced. Intriguingly, despite being a rich source of carbon and sulfur, DMSP is not metabolized by the pathogen, suggesting that it is used purely as an infochemical for host location. These results reveal a new role for DMSP in coral disease, demonstrate the importance of chemical signaling and swimming behavior in the recruitment of pathogens to corals and highlight the impact of increased seawater temperatures on disease pathways.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bacterial pathogen uses dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a cue to target heat-stressed corals

et al. 2013

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“…A granulated tissue is produced, which seals the wound with the synthesis of extracellular matrix components and, finally, reepithelialization can occur (Ottaviani et al 2010). The ability to mount such cellular defense reactions in order to maintain organism homeostasis under environmental disturbance is crucial for survival (Hawley and Altizer 2011;Mydlarz et al 2006). However, it is important to note that the immunocompetence of bivalves is related to general ecological factors such as temperature, salinity, and food availability (Fisher et al 1987;Hawley and Altizer 2011;Butt et al 2007;Hegaret et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-dependent expression of stress and antimicrobial genes in the hemocytes and siphon tissue of the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, exposed to injury and starvation

Husmann

Abele

Rosenstiel

et al. 2014

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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Increasing temperatures and glacier melting at the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) are causing rapid changes in shallow coastal and shelf systems. Climate change-related rising water temperatures, enhanced ice scouring, as well as coastal sediment runoff, in combination with changing feeding conditions and microbial community composition, will affect all elements of the nearshore benthic ecosystem, a major component of which is the Antarctic soft-shelled clam Laternula elliptica. A 454-based RNA sequencing was carried out on tissues and hemocytes of L. elliptica, resulting in 42,525 contigs, of which 48 % was assigned putative functions. Changes in the expression of putative stress response genes were then investigated in hemocytes and siphon tissue of young and old animals subjected to starvation and injury experiments in order to investigate their response to sedimentation (food dilution and starvation) and iceberg scouring (injury). Analysis of antioxidant defense (Le-SOD and Lecatalase), wound repair (Le-TIMP and Le-chitinase), and stress and immune response (Le-HSP70, Le-actin, and Letheromacin) genes revealed that most transcripts were more clearly affected by injury rather than starvation. The upregulation of these genes was particularly high in the hemocytes of young, fed individuals after acute injury. Only minor changes in expression were detected in young animals under the selected starvation conditions and in older individuals. The stress response of L. elliptica thus depends on the nature of the environmental cue and on age. This has consequences for future population predictions as the environmental changes at the WAP will differentially impact L. elliptica age classes and is bound to alter population structure.

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“…(Veteli et al 2002;AsshoV and Hättenschwiler 2005;Karowe 2007;Tylianakis et al 2008). Changes in temperature, pH and salinity have been shown to impose stress onto marine freshwater invertebrates and to impact their immunity (Moullac and HaVner 2000;Mydlarz et al 2006). Many terrestrial studies focused on plant-insect interactions under elevated temperature or "CO 2 ", Here, plant composition and secondary substances are aVected by global change, for example the secondary phenolic compounds have been shown to decrease (Veteli et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A summer heat wave decreases the immunocompetence of the mesograzer, Idotea baltica

2010

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Extreme events associated with global change will impose increasing stress on coastal organisms. How strong biological interactions such as the host-parasite arms-race are modulated by environmental change is largely unknown. The immune system of invertebrates, in particular phagocytosis and phenoloxidase activity response are key defence mechanisms against parasites, yet they may be sensitive to environmental perturbations. We here simulated an extreme event that mimicked the European heat wave in 2003 to investigate the eVect of environmental change on the immunocompetence of the mesograzer Idotea baltica. Unlike earlier studies, our experiment aimed at simulation of the natural situation as closely as possible by using long acclimation, a slow increase in temperature and a natural community setting including the animals' providence with natural food sources (Zostera marina and Fucus vesiculosus). Our results demonstrate that a simulated heat wave results in decreased immunocompetence of the mesograzer Idotea baltica, in particular a drop of phagocytosis by 50%. This suggests that global change has the potential to signiWcantly aVect host-parasite interactions.

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Innate Immunity, Environmental Drivers, and Disease Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Invertebrates

Cited by 261 publications

References 191 publications

A bacterial pathogen uses dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a cue to target heat-stressed corals

A bacterial pathogen uses dimethylsulfoniopropionate as a cue to target heat-stressed corals

Age-dependent expression of stress and antimicrobial genes in the hemocytes and siphon tissue of the Antarctic bivalve, Laternula elliptica, exposed to injury and starvation

A summer heat wave decreases the immunocompetence of the mesograzer, Idotea baltica

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