Innate Immunity Alterations in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Understanding Infection Susceptibility

Abstract

: Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by marked alterations in the metabolism of glucose andby high con-centrations of glucose in the blood due to a decreased insulin production or resistance to the action of this hormone in pe-ripheral tissues. The International Diabetes Federation estimates a global incidence of diabetes of about 10% in the adult population (20 -79 years old), some 430 million cases reported worldwide in 2018. It is well documented that people with diabetes have a higher susceptibility to infectious diseases and therefore show higher morbidity and mortality compared to the non-diabetic population. Given that the innate immune response plays a fundamental role in protecting against invading pathogens through a myriad of humoral and cellular mechanisms, the present work makes a comprehensive review of the innate immune alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) as well as a brief description of the molecular events leading or associated to such conditions.We show that in these patients a compromised innate immune response in-creases susceptibility to infections.

Interplay Among the Oral Microbiome, Oral Cavity Conditions, the Host Immune Response, Diabetes Mellitus, and Its Associated-Risk Factors—An Overview

“…DM may exert a negative effect on the immune system, leading to a deficient immune response in diabetic individuals [ 42 ]. Combined with metabolic imbalance, impairment of the immune response is primarily responsible for the increased susceptibility and prevalence of infections in these individuals [ 35 , 43 ], with more severe infectious courses and greater morbidity and mortality compared to non-diabetic individuals [ 44 ]. A systematic review carried out by Jafar et al [ 45 ] evaluating the effects of hyperglycemia on the innate immune system showed that hyperglycemia activates protein kinase C, which causes the inhibition of neutrophil migration, phagocytosis, and superoxide production, leading to decreased microbial death.…”

“…DM may exert a negative effect on the immune system, leading to a deficient immune response in diabetic individuals [42]. Combined with metabolic imbalance, impairment of the immune response is primarily responsible for the increased susceptibility and prevalence of infections in these individuals [35,43], with more severe infectious courses and greater morbidity and mortality compared to non-diabetic individuals [44]. A systematic review carried out by Jafar et al…”

Diabetes associated with HPV infection in women aged over 50 years: A cross-sectional study from China’s largest academic woman’s hospital

“…Diabetic patients have altered T cell and macrophage proliferation, impaired NK cell and B cell function, and up-regulated macrophage polarization toward M1, manifesting as abnormal innate and adaptive immunity ( 17 ). The innate immune response plays a fundamental role in defending against invading pathogens through a myriad of humoral and cellular mechanisms; macrophages, epithelial cells, innate lymphoid cells, and neutrophils are key factors in initiating the adaptive immune response, impaired in diabetic patients The innate immune response increases susceptibility to pathogens ( 18 ).…”