Innate immune responses induced by the saponin adjuvant Matrix-M in specific pathogen free pigs

Abstract

Saponin-based adjuvants have been widely used to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses in many species, but their mode of action is not fully understood. A characterization of the porcine transcriptional response to Matrix-M was performed in vitro using lymphocytes, monocytes or monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) and in vivo. The effect of Matrix-M was also evaluated in specific pathogen free (SPF) pigs exposed to conventionally reared pigs. The pro-inflammatory cytokine genes IL1B and CXCL8 were up-regulated in monocytes and lymphocytes after Matrix-M exposure. Matrix-M also induced IL12B, IL17A and IFNG in lymphocytes and IFN-α gene expression in MoDCs. Several genes were indicated as up-regulated by Matrix-M in blood 18 h after injection, of which the genes for IFN-α and TLR2 could be statistically confirmed. Respiratory disease developed in all SPF pigs mixed with conventional pigs within 1–3 days. Two out of four SPF pigs injected with saline prior to contact exposure displayed systemic symptoms that was not recorded for the four pigs administered Matrix-M. Granulocyte counts, serum amyloid A levels and transcription of IL18 and TLR2 coincided with disease progression in the pigs. These results support further evaluation of Matrix-M as a possible enhancer of innate immune responses during critical moments in pig management.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13567-017-0437-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Oral bovine serum albumin immune‐stimulating complexes improve the immune responses and resistance of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea,Richardson, 1846) againstVibrio alginolyticus

“…The upregulation of Mx gene expression in the liver and spleen tissues along with an improvement of IFN‐α activity in the serum indicated that BSA ISCOMs induced an antiviral‐associated innate immune response in large yellow croaker 30 days after feeding. Similarly, Ahlberg et al () showed that Matrix‐ M (ISCOMs without antigens or protein) induced IFN‐α expression in pigs.…”

“…It is confirmed that ISCOMs are highly effective adjuvant systems capable of inducing a broad range of immune responses, including balanced Th1 and Th2 CD4(+) T‐cell priming, cytotoxic T lymphocyte cell responses, specific serum antibodies and a strong mucosal immunoglobin A (IgA) response (Anja et al, ; Morein, Hu, & Abusugra, ). In addition, many studies showed that ISCOMs enhanced innate immune responses in mammals, such as inducing the expression of interleukin (IL)‐1B, chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), IL‐12B, IL‐17A, interferon (IFN)‐α and Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) (Ahlberg et al, ; Ahlberg, Lovgren Bengtsson, Wallgren, & Fossum, ; Fossum et al, ). Hence, ISCOMs have a broad spectrum of immune responses and can be administered through the mucosal membrane.…”

Characterisation of the Virome of Tonsils from Conventional Pigs and from Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs

“…Tonsil samples were obtained from pigs aged 9–11 weeks being used as untreated control animals in a study on a saponin-based adjuvant [ 12 ]. The experiment was approved by the Uppsala Ethical Committee on Animal Experiments (Reg.…”

The 2020 Pandemic: Current SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development

“…Therefore, developing a vaccine targeting RBD can inhibit viral attachment hence, fusion. (54,55). This adjuvant, when compared with other adjuvants like Alum, AS03, and FCA, is a more potent alternative (56).…”