Innate Immune Response and Epigenetic Regulation: A Closely Intertwined Tale in Inflammation

Abstract

Maintenance of delicate homeostasis is very important in various diseases because it ensures appropriate immune surveillance against pathogens and prevents excessive inflammation. In a disturbed homeostatic condition, hyperactivation of immune cells takes place and interplay between these cells triggers a plethora of signaling pathways, releasing various pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), Interferon‐gamma (IFNƴ), Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and Interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), which marks cytokine storm formation. To be precise, dysregulated balance can impede or increase susceptibility to various pathogens. Pathogens have the ability to hijack the host immune system by interfering with the host's chromatin architecture for their survival and replication in the host cell. Cytokines, particularly IL‐6, Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17), and Interleukin‐23 (IL‐23), play a key role in orchestrating innate immune responses and shaping adaptive immunity. Understanding the interplay between immune response and the role of epigenetic modification to maintain immune homeostasis and the structural aspects of IL‐6, IL‐17, and IL‐23 can be illuminating for a novel therapeutic regimen to treat various infectious diseases. In this review, the light is shed on how the orchestration of epigenetic regulation facilitates immune homeostasis.