Innate and adaptive immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection-Current perspectives

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus strain with strong infectivity, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the in-depth research, the close relationship between COVID-19 and immune system has been dug out. During the infection, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, CD8+ T cells, Th1, Th17, Tfh cells and effector B cells are all involved in the anti-SARS-CoV-2 responses, however, the dysfunctional immune responses will ultimately lead to the excessive inflammation, acute lung injury, even other organ failure. Thus, a detailed understanding of pertinent immune response during COVID-19 will provide insights in predicting disease outcomes and developing appropriate therapeutic approaches. In this review, we mainly clarify the role of immune cells in COVID-19 and the target-vaccine development and treatment.

Effect of Glucocorticoids on the Development of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Meta-Analysis of 21 Studies and 4972 Patients

“…5,14,15 The direct damage to the respiratory epithelium due to hyperinflammation and an immunosuppressed state due to immune dysregulation together create an optimal opportunity for the occurrence of CAPA in COVID-19 patients who were immunocompetent before SARS-CoV-2 infection and had no GC pretreatment or traditional risk factors such as neutropenia or immunodeficiency. [46][47][48] These pathological features of COVID-19 patients concur with our results of CAPA in patients with no GC therapy treatment. A recent meta-analysis and several research studies reporting CAPA in immunocompetent patients with no underlying risk factors suggest that severe COVID-19 is by itself a risk factor for the development of CAPA.…”

Effect of glucocorticoids on the development of COVID‐19‐associated pulmonary aspergillosis: A meta‐analysis of 21 studies and 5174 patients

“…5,14,15 The direct damage to the respiratory epithelium due to hyperinflammation and an immunosuppressed state due to immune dysregulation together create an optimal opportunity for the occurrence of CAPA in COVID-19 patients who were immunocompetent before SARS-CoV-2 infection and had no GC pretreatment or traditional risk factors such as neutropenia or immunodeficiency. [46][47][48] These pathological features of COVID-19 patients concur with our results of CAPA in patients with no GC therapy treatment. A recent metaanalysis and several research studies reporting CAPA in immunocompetent patients with no underlying risk factors suggest that severe COVID-19 is by itself a risk factor for the development of CAPA.…”

Exosomes in COVID‐19 infection: Focus on role in diagnosis, pathogenesis, immunity, and clinical trials

“…So, all populations are susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. However, age is one of the major factors correlated with COVID‐19 severity (Zhu et al, 2022).…”

“…An in‐depth study of immune responses to SARS‐COV‐2 is essential to understand COVID‐19 pathogenesis. The body responds to the novel viral antigens encountered for the first time by producing IgM, IgG, and IgA (Zhu et al, 2022).…”