Innate and acquired immune surveillance in the postdissemination phase of metastasis

Abstract

Metastasis is responsible for the majority of death in cancer patients. Of the different steps in the metastasis cascade, the postdissemination phase is perhaps one of the least understood. Many factors, both from the disseminated tumor cells and the microenvironment, impact the success of the metastatic outgrowth. In this article, we discuss the interactions between colonizing cancer cells and immune cells in the period between vascular arrest in a secondary organ and metastatic outgrowth. We address the ambiguity in the findings of current research regarding the role of immune cells in regulating the metastatic microenvironment, and their hand in determining cancer cell fate.

Morinda citrifolia noni water extract enhances innate and adaptive immune responses in healthy mice, ex vivo, and in vitro

“…The immune response is an essential biological mechanism to protect the body from a variety of invading pathogens, intracellular danger signals, and tumorigenesis. A compromised immune response allows the spread of pathogens and tumor cells, exacerbating a number of human diseases (including inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers; Gonzalez, Robles, & Werb, ; Young & Elliott, ). Although the pharmacological effect of noni on various human diseases has been demonstrated for a long time (Samoylenko et al, ), studies on its immunostimulatory properties have been very limited.…”

“…The immune response is an essential biological mechanism to protect the body from a variety of invading pathogens, intracellular danger signals, and tumorigenesis. A compromised immune response allows the spread of pathogens and tumor cells, exacerbating a number of human diseases (including inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers; Gonzalez, Robles, & Werb, 2017;Young & Elliott, 1989…”

Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression

“…For abbreviations and further details, see the text. Mantovani et al 2017;Gonzalez et al 2018). Here, we review the important aspects and different facets of cancer-associated immune cells, focusing on progression from tumor initiation to metastatic colonization…”

“…As crucial drivers of chronic cancer-associated inflammation, their involvement has been described in every step of cancer progression, from early neoplastic transformation throughout metastatic progression to therapy resistance (Fig. 3;Noy and Pollard 2014;Kitamura et al 2015;Gonzalez et al 2018). In oncological patients and preclinical experimental models, high-grade tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) correlate with poor prognosis and reduced overall survival (Zhang et al 2012;Noy and Pollard 2014).…”

“…Traditionally, metastasis has been considered to occur in later stages of cancer progression; however, accumulating evidence has also described metastatic dissemination during early tumor formation (Hosseini et al 2016). During metastasis, disseminating cancer cells escape from primary tumors and acquire cellular traits that allow them to travel and colonize distant organs (Chambers and Werb 2015;Lambert et al 2017;Gonzalez et al 2018).…”