“…In the scope of LP-EGR, at least one valve is required in the EGR line to obtain the desired EGR rate [62,63]. If the obtained EGR rate is below the target even with the EGR valve wide open, there are several choices to increase it: a blower can be employed in the EGR line [64], an exhaust flap can be introduced to generate backpressure [65] or a valve can throttle the intake stream before the branch line [66]. The latter is often preferred by automotive manufacturers due to the lower cost [67], creating a compact two-valve junction [34,37,5].…”