Inland Tropical Cyclones and the “Brown Ocean” Concept

Andersen, Theresa K.; Shepherd, Marshall

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47594-3_5

Cited by 14 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…[75]). Anderson & Shepherd [76] introduce the notion of 'brown ocean' concept whereby saturated soils from antecedent rainfall serve to provide a source of moisture and latent heating that sustains or even intensifies tropical cyclones after landfall. As we discuss below, some areas also experience significant human interference, through groundwater withdrawals for irrigation and human use, and through river water management and extraction, which alter the land water balance and the flow of freshwater to the oceans.…”

Section: Land Exchangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earth's water reservoirs in a changing climate

et al. 2020

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Progress towards achieving a quantitative understanding of the exchanges of water between Earth's main water reservoirs is reviewed with emphasis on advances accrued from the latest advances in Earth Observation from space. These exchanges of water between the reservoirs are a result of processes that are at the core of important physical Earth-system feedbacks, which fundamentally control the response of Earth's climate to the greenhouse gas forcing it is now experiencing, and are therefore vital to understanding the future evolution of Earth's climate. The changing nature of global mean sea level (GMSL) is the context for discussion of these exchanges. Different sources of satellite observations that are used to quantify ice mass loss and water storage over continents, how water can be tracked to its source using water isotope information and how the waters in different reservoirs influence the fluxes of water between reservoirs are described. The profound influence of Earth's hydrological cycle, including human influences on it, on the rate of GMSL rise is emphasized. The many intricate ways water cycle processes influence water exchanges between reservoirs and thus sea-level rise, including disproportionate influences by the tiniest water reservoirs, are emphasized.

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Section: Land Exchangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Earth's water reservoirs in a changing climate

et al. 2020

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“…By comparison, although there is a negative relationship between MSW r and LFDR, the spatial distribution of LFDR is not identical to the distribution of MSW r . We observe a broad range of LFDR along the Gulf Coast, with high ocean heat content favoring intensification before landfall (Rappaport et al, 2010) but with post-landfall decay rates varying considerably due to strong air-surface interactions (Andersen & Shepherd, 2017;Evans et al, 2011). We also identify southeast Florida as an area under especially high risk due to a combination of frequent intensification prior to landfall, high landfalling wind speeds, and weak dissipation rates after landfall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Intensifying landfalling hurricanes along the Gulf Coast show a mixed pattern of LFDR, with a range spanning from 0 to 0.75 (Figure 4a). The hurricane dissipation rate following landfall along the Gulf Coast is particularly complex due to strong air-land interactions (Andersen & Shepherd, 2017;Evans et al, 2011). By comparison, southeast Florida shows larger occurrences of relatively lower LFDR, implying that hurricanes that underwent intensification before landfall were also less likely to weaken after landfall.…”

Section: Spatial Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tropical cyclones making landfall over the Gulf Coast typically are expected to decay faster than those making landfall over the Florida peninsula and along the Atlantic East Coast (Ho et al, 1987;Schwerdt et al, 1979). The spatial variation in post-landfall decay is driven by multiple aspects including, but not limited to, landfall intensity (e.g., Tuleya et al, 1984), land-air interaction (e.g., Andersen & Shepherd, 2017), and topographic effects (e.g., Done et al, 2020).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Nearshore Hurricane Intensity Change and Post‐Landfall Dissipation Along The United States Gulf and East Coasts

Zhu

Collins

Klotzbach

2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Hurricanes undergoing intensification immediately before landfall can cause devastating losses of both life and property. For example, Hurricane Audrey in 1957 intensified from maximum sustained winds (MSW) of 80 kt to 110 kt in less than 20 h, causing more than 400 deaths in Louisiana and Texas due to inadequate preparation for coastal areas (Blake et al., 2011). At nearly the identical landfall location, Hurricane Laura in 2020 underwent a 40 kt rapid intensification in the 24 h prior to landfall (Pasch et al., 2021), bringing heavy damage to southwestern Louisiana (NOAA, 2021). Meanwhile, the deadly reach of hurricanes can also penetrate far inland. For example, Hurricane Michael in 2018 not only underwent rapid intensification, from 100 kt to 140 kt in the 24 h before landfall but maintained tropical storm-force winds even 24 h after landfall, resulting in devastating damage to inland infrastructure (Beven et al., 2019). Hurricane Isaias in 2020 caused widespread damage along the U.S. East Coast due to its slow decay (Latto et al., 2021). Therefore, understanding hurricane MSW change rates before landfall and intensity dissipation rates after landfall are of critical importance for improved hurricane risk mitigation.For hurricanes impacting the continental United States, high ocean heat content along with deep mixed layers in the Gulf are favorable for hurricane intensification prior to landfall (Rappaport et al., 2010), while hurricanes located in the western Atlantic near southeast Florida may intensify when encountering the warm Gulf Stream (Nguyen & Molinari, 2012).

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“…Occasionally, a “Brown Ocean effect” can contribute to the intensification of tropical cyclones over land 5–9 . The Brown Ocean effect refers to saturated soils, swamps, and wetlands in the inland regions providing a source of moist enthalpy for maintaining tropical cyclone warm-core structures and inland intensification 6,8,10 .…”

Section: The “Brown Ocean Effect”mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Land Cover and Soil Moisture based Brown Ocean Effect on an Extreme Rainfall Event from a Louisiana Gulf Coast Tropical System

Nair

Rappin

Foshee

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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Extreme flooding over southern Louisiana in mid-August of 2016 resulted from an unusual tropical low that formed and intensified over land. We used numerical experiments to highlight the role of the ‘Brown Ocean’ effect (where saturated soils function similar to a warm ocean surface) on intensification and it’s modulation by land cover change. A numerical modeling experiment that successfully captured the flood event (control) was modified to alter moisture availability by converting wetlands to open water, wet croplands, and dry croplands. Storm evolution in the control experiment with wet antecedent soils most resembles tropical lows that form and intensify over oceans. Irrespective of soil moisture conditions, conversion of wetlands to croplands reduced storm intensity, and also, non-saturated soils reduced rain by 20% and caused shorter durations of high intensity wind conditions. Developing agricultural croplands and more so restoring wetlands and not converting them into open water can impede intensification of tropical systems that affect the area.

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Inland Tropical Cyclones and the “Brown Ocean” Concept

Cited by 14 publications

References 53 publications

Earth's water reservoirs in a changing climate

Earth's water reservoirs in a changing climate

Nearshore Hurricane Intensity Change and Post‐Landfall Dissipation Along The United States Gulf and East Coasts

Influence of Land Cover and Soil Moisture based Brown Ocean Effect on an Extreme Rainfall Event from a Louisiana Gulf Coast Tropical System

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