Ink Design Enabling Slot‐Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with &gt;22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro‐Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation

Li, Jinzhao; Dagar, Janardan; Shargaieva, Oleksandra; Maus, Oliver; Remec, Marco; Emery, Quiterie; Khenkin, Mark V.; Ulbrich, Carolin; Akhundova, Fatima; Marquez, J.A.; Unold, Thomas; Fenske, Markus; Schultz, Christof; Stegemann, Bert; Al‐Ashouri, Amran; Albrecht, Steve; Esteves, Alvaro Tejada; Korte, Lars; Köbler, Hans; Abate, Antonio; Többens, Daniel M.; Žižak, Ivo; List‐Kratochvil, Emil J. W.; Schlatmann, Rutger; Unger, Eva

doi:10.1002/aenm.202203898

Cited by 56 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…[ 24 ] By contrast, in the case of LSPI with relatively low surface tension and viscosity, the ink can transfer well from the meniscus guides to the hole transport layer and form a sufficiently wet film, resulting in a thick, uniform perovskite film. [ 15,20 ] Moreover, as described above, since the wet thin film of the perovskite precursor containing large colloids is quickly crystallized by external thermal energy, [ 20 ] a thick and uniform thin film can be formed (Figure S4, Supporting Information). The UV–vis light absorption spectrum indirectly shows that the thickness of the perovskite thin film increases with the increase of DCB addition, [ 25 ] which is consistent with the measured data using contact surface profiler (Alpha Step) (Table S3, Supporting Information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 14 ] In addition, the viscosity of the perovskite ink was controlled by adding acetonitrile (ACN) to the 2‐methoxyethanol‐based formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI 3 ) precursor ink, consequently, a slot‐die‐based smooth perovskite film with no ribbing effects and a minimodules (12.7 cm 2 ) with a PCE of 17.1% was achieved. [ 15 ] Further, the volatile cosolvent mixed to dilute the perovskite precursor ink to a low concentration (<0.5 m ) allowed it to maintain film quality and optoelectronic properties similar to those of the high concentration precursor (>1.4 m ), resulting in a high module efficiency of over 18%. [ 2a ] Thus, the rheological properties of the perovskite precursor ink are critical to the formation of perovskite thin films that crystallize from wet films through a process of nucleation and growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Locally Supersaturated Inks for a Slot‐Die Process to Enable Highly Efficient and Robust Perovskite Solar Cells

Sangale

Kwon

Patil

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which debuted with a lot of attention based on high efficiency, are establishing as one of the most promising thin‐film photovoltaic technologies. Currently, research for upscaling and commercialization through eco‐friendly solvent and process systems is being attempted. This study introduces for the first time a rheological engineering‐based locally supersaturated perovskite ink (LSPI) strategy for slot‐die process‐based PSC fabrication suitable for roll‐to‐roll continuous processes. Here, for the greenable slot‐die process, a perovskite precursor ink composed of a low‐toxic dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) single solvent is used and a small amount of 1,2‐dichlorobenzene (DCB) is utilized as a modulator to control the rheological properties of the ink. The addition of DCB lowers the high surface tension of the DMSO‐based perovskite precursor ink to suit the slot‐die process, enabling uniform wet film formation, and produces locally supersaturated colloids, i.e., perovskite seeds, that help growth into dense and large grains by heterogeneous nucleation with low Gibbs‐free energy. As a result, the LSPI enables slot‐die coating‐based PSCs with an efficiency of 20.61% (active areas of 0.1 cm2), which allow high efficiencies of 18.66% and 17.66% (active areas of 2.7 and 8.64 cm2) to be achieved in scale‐up to minimodules, respectively.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locally Supersaturated Inks for a Slot‐Die Process to Enable Highly Efficient and Robust Perovskite Solar Cells

Sangale

Kwon

Patil

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…Figure 1a shows a graphical representation of combinatorial SDC from dual feed inks where the ink1 is and ink2 is MAPbBr 3 dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). [19] Ink1 and ink2 are pre-mixed in a T connector and thus become ink 3, which is then fed into a die head. An image shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combinatorial slot-die coating for high-throughput compositional screening of perovskite solar cells

Shargaieva

Maticiuc

et al. 2023

Preprint

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We here present a generic methodology enabling the accelerated optimization of the composition and processes conditions for functional solution-processable materials compatible with later transfer of optimized conditions to scaled device manufacturing. In combinatorial slot-die coating, two or more precursor inks are fed with different rates into the slot-die enabling fast screening of the precursor solution composition on coating property in one experimental run, which can either be implemented as consecutive coatings with different compositions or as a continuous compositional gradient. As a first example, we here present combinatorially slot-die coated halide perovskite thin-films ranging from the precursor compositions of pure formamidinium lead iodide, FAPbI3, to methylammonium lead bromide, MAPbBr3. In this series, both the optical and morphological properties of the deposited thin-films change dramatically. An increasing faction of MAPbBr3 resulted in larger optical bandgaps. At very high MAPbBr3 ratios, differences in the thin-film crystallization kinetics due to the simultaneous change of the precursor solution solvent resulted in thin-films with low quality morphology. The spatial compositional homogeneity of the coated thin-films was characterized by grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering mapping. We fabricated inverted perovskite solar cells in the full compositional range and found a performance maximum for FAPbI3-richer devices with a MAPbBr3-content of 20 mol%. The performance maximum can be rationalized with the improved thermodynamic stability of the halide perovskite crystal structure due to a more ideal tolerance factor upon incorporation of the smaller methylammonium cation and bromide anion into the crystal structure. At high MAPbBr3-content, the device performance drops due to two effects: light-induced phase-segregation and a dramatically decreased thin-film morphology exhibiting pinholes. The example highlights the critical balance of precursor solution composition and processing conditions as the crystallization kinetics critically affect the resulting thin-film quality and morphology. This generic methodology can be further optimized and exploited to identify optimal precursor solution compositions and process conditions to achieve high-quality thin films with a target composition and sample morphology with high experimental throughput.

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“…Thanks to the strong interaction between PbI 2 and NMP, the NMP can accelerate the nucleation rate and decrease the formation energy. It is also found that acetonitrile (ACN) and 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) can quickly dry the FACs ink [50] and smooth the FA-based perovskite film [29]. However, the 2-ME has a low solubility of Cs + [23], which will inhibit its application in FACs perovskite.…”

Section: Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ink engineering for slot-die coated perovskite solar cells and minimodules

Zhang

2023

J. Phys. Energy

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The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have approached 26% for single-junction and 33% for multi-junction cells. Thus, various scalable depositions are studied to improve the manufacturability of PSCs for market entry. Of all types, slot-die coating is a promising technique thanks to its excellent compatibility with versatile systems. However, the complicated ink chemistry and film formation are major obstacles to scaling up devices. In this review, we systematically discuss ink engineering in the fabrication of slot-die-coated PSCs and perovskite minimodules (PMs), covering all functional layers that are processed using solution-based means. We then summarize a range of strategies to improve ink compatibility with slot-die coating, focusing on how to optimize the ink formulation to achieve high-quality films. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges and potential avenues for further development of slot-die-coated devices.

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Ink Design Enabling Slot‐Die Coated Perovskite Solar Cells with >22% Power Conversion Efficiency, Micro‐Modules, and 1 Year of Outdoor Performance Evaluation

Cited by 56 publications

References 54 publications

Locally Supersaturated Inks for a Slot‐Die Process to Enable Highly Efficient and Robust Perovskite Solar Cells

Locally Supersaturated Inks for a Slot‐Die Process to Enable Highly Efficient and Robust Perovskite Solar Cells

Combinatorial slot-die coating for high-throughput compositional screening of perovskite solar cells

Ink engineering for slot-die coated perovskite solar cells and minimodules

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