Injuries and Fatalities Related to Freediving: A Case Report and Literature Review

Allen, Michael F.; Allen, Deborah E

doi:10.7759/cureus.30353

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…The timing of symptoms usually presents between 0 and 60 min. Common presentations in the chest include chest pain, swelling, and/or dyspnea (51), correlating with pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and/or pneumothorax. Of note, the pneumomediastinum may be asymptomatic (52).…”

Section: Medical Issues In Breath-hold Divingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath-Hold Diving Injuries — A Primer for Medical Providers

Yu,

Valdivia-Valdivia,

Silva

et al. 2024

Curr Sports Med Rep

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Breath-hold divers, also known as freedivers, are at risk of specific injuries that are unique from those of surface swimmers and compressed air divers. Using peer-reviewed scientific research and expert opinion, we created a guide for medical providers managing breath-hold diving injuries in the field. Hypoxia induced by prolonged apnea and increased oxygen uptake can result in an impaired mental state that can manifest as involuntary movements or full loss of consciousness. Negative pressure barotrauma secondary to airspace collapse can lead to edema and/or hemorrhage. Positive pressure barotrauma secondary to overexpansion of airspaces can result in gas embolism or air entry into tissues and organs. Inert gas loading into tissues from prolonged deep dives or repetitive shallow dives with short surface intervals can lead to decompression sickness. Inert gas narcosis at depth is commonly described as an altered state similar to that experienced by compressed air divers. Asymptomatic cardiac arrhythmias are common during apnea, normally reversing shortly after normal ventilation resumes. The methods of glossopharyngeal breathing (insufflation and exsufflation) can add to the risk of pulmonary overinflation barotrauma or loss of consciousness from decreased cardiac preload. This guide also includes information for medical providers who are tasked with providing medical support at an organized breath-hold diving event with a list of suggested equipment to facilitate diagnosis and treatment outside of the hospital setting.

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Section: Medical Issues In Breath-hold Divingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath-Hold Diving Injuries — A Primer for Medical Providers

Yu,

Valdivia-Valdivia,

Silva

et al. 2024

Curr Sports Med Rep

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show abstract

“…Freediving has been practiced for centuries all throughout the world, especially among traditional Indonesian fishermen. 3,6 Several fishing communities in Indonesia continue to use traditional methods to manage the abundant marine resources surrounding them, one of them is free diving. This freediving ability has been passed down from generation to generation.…”

Section: History Of Freedivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the deeper the dive and the pressure doubles, the volume of gas in the lungs decreases by half. 5,6…”

Section: Definition Of Freedivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Death can occur when divers push themselves beyond the limits of their abilities. 6 The diving response in humans is highly variable and involves a number of physiological changes characterized by synergistic sympathetic and parasympathetic activation, increased catecholamines, peripheral vascular vasoconstriction that selectively redistributes blood flow to the organs most sensitive to hypoxia, bradycardia, or a decreased heart rate that decreases consumption. At the same time, there is a decrease in metabolism and contraction of the spleen, which brings a supply of red blood cells rich in oxygen into the circulation of the circulatory system.…”

Section: Physiological Effect Of Freedivingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4,5 Humans' ability to hold their breath beyond physiological limits when freediving can certainly have negative consequences for body condition. [5][6][7] In freediving settings, there is a close link between hypoxia, inflammation, and the innate immune system, as evidenced by gene expression. NF-κB regulates gene transcription in inflammatory signaling, while HIF-1 regulates transcription during hypoxia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Freediving, Hypoxia, and Inflammation: Physiological Adaptations and Interactions between HIF and NF-κB

Amalina Fakhriah,

Novi Silvia Hardiany,

Iswanti

2024

Bioscmed

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Freediving presents a unique set of physiological challenges and adaptations, making it a subject of interest for researchers studying the effects of extreme environmental conditions on the human body. There is a complex interplay between freediving, hypoxia, immune responses, and inflammation, shedding light on the physiological effects of freediving on the human body. This article describes how HIF and NF-κB interact during hypoxia and inflammation, including their synergistic effects and signaling pathways. The regulatory loop involving these transcription factors is highlighted, providing insight into their linked roles in modulating the cellular response to hypoxia and inflammation.

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Exploring Beginner Free diver’s Experience of Benefit Recreational Freediving Activity

Solikhin,

Fauzi,

Sulistiyono

et al. 2024

Retos

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The purpose of this article is to explore the experience of an Indonesian beginner free diver perspective while practicing programmed recreational freediving. This freediving recreational theme tries to be built from the experience of a beginner free diver who obtains mental and physical health benefits from relaxation and other physical aspects through diving. This is to support the program for further development of freediving recreation as a choice of physical activity in free time. A qualitative methodology has been used twenty-six freedivers aged between 18 and 43 years were recruited to participate in the study. In-depth interviews were specifically designed to collect data about the forms of experience, learning, motivation, positive mental involvement through recreational freediving activities carried out. Data were collected with anecdotal notes through interviews and submitted to inductive content analysis in the ATLAS.ti 9 program. Physical theoretical literacy analysis was used to address the empirical data analysis. The results showed patterns in the data, including information gathering physical exercises, mental training, engagement as a learning journey, and experience and withdrawal from recreational freediving performed. It is concluded that this type of recreational freediving exercise provides a form of physical activity that provides mental and physical benefits for novice freediving. Keywords: Perspective, Benefit, Recreational Freediving

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Injuries and Fatalities Related to Freediving: A Case Report and Literature Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Breath-Hold Diving Injuries — A Primer for Medical Providers

Breath-Hold Diving Injuries — A Primer for Medical Providers

Freediving, Hypoxia, and Inflammation: Physiological Adaptations and Interactions between HIF and NF-κB

Exploring Beginner Free diver’s Experience of Benefit Recreational Freediving Activity

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