Injectable liposomal docosahexaenoic acid alleviates atherosclerosis progression and enhances plaque stability

MCL attenuates atherosclerosis by suppressing macrophage ferroptosis via targeting KEAP1/NRF2 interaction

“…Atherosclerosis (AS) is a leading cause of the progress in cardiovascular disease worldwide, whose major clinical manifestations including ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease [ 1 ]. During the development of AS, substantial lipid deposition and necrotic core increase the instability of plaque, promote plaque rupture and thrombus formation.…”

Advances in Research on Marine-Derived Lipid-Lowering Active Substances and Their Molecular Mechanisms

“…Dietary Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in deep-sea fish oil supplementation improves hepatic lipid metabolism by regulating bile acid metabolism [49]. Moreover, DHA is a natural endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which it activates to enhance fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria [50][51][52]. This effect increases fatty acid catabolism, which in turn reduces plasma TG levels and, thus, consumption of EPA and DHA from deep-sea fish oils reduces the CVD-associated mortality rate [50][51][52].…”

“…Moreover, DHA is a natural endogenous ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which it activates to enhance fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria [50][51][52]. This effect increases fatty acid catabolism, which in turn reduces plasma TG levels and, thus, consumption of EPA and DHA from deep-sea fish oils reduces the CVD-associated mortality rate [50][51][52]. Current clinical guidelines recommend a combination of DHA and EPA for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia [53][54][55].…”

“…In addition, compared to the normal diet fed group, the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) gene expression level in the livers of the fish oil fed group was significantly lower (p < 0.05) [56]. Oral DHA may have unstable bioavailability and, therefore, Zhang et al [52] prepared a DHA liposome formulation as an injectable nanomedicine to avoid DHA degradation. This study found that DHA liposomes were easily phagocytosed by activated macrophages, exerted effective anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and inhibited the formation of foam cells, further slowing down atherosclerosis development [52].…”

Association between plasma long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids concentrations and cognitive function: findings from NHANES III

“…For instance, LCPUFAs can be incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids, altering membrane fluidity and cell signaling transduction, thereby altering membrane lipid kinetics to target immune cell membranes and modulating the dampening of immune cell activation and suppression of inflammation then suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators and reducing overall inflammation ( Fan et al, 2018 ). The lipid DHA can reduce circulating triglycerides, inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress to decrease plaque inflammation and enhance plaque stability to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease ( Bae et al, 2023 ; Chong et al, 2023 ); and reduce inflammation and oxidation, as well as make the beneficial effects on gut microbiota to improve rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by immune inflammatory response ( Nikiphorou and Philippou, 2023 ); Intravenous n-3 PUFA beneficially modulates the lipoxidation profile and reduces oxidative stress in COVID-19 ( Pawelzik et al, 2023 ). EPA and DHA can also increase anti-inflammatory mediators and decrease pro-inflammatory mediators to balance inflammatory reactions in the body.…”