Injectable and Self-Invigorating Hydrogel Applications in Dentistry and Periodontal Regeneration: A Literature Review

Abstract

Hydrogels are thought of as unique polymers utilized to build new materials, and two key factors that impact their features are their hydrophilicity and the degree of cross-linking of the polymer chains. An injectable hydrogel is based on the hypothesis that certain biomaterials can be injected into the body as a liquid and progressively solidify there. The scientific research community was intrigued and interested by its discovery. The hydrophilic polymers that are used to make hydrogels can typically be split into two groups: natural polymers derived from tissues or other sources of natural materials, and synthetic polymers produced by combining principles from organic chemistry and molecular engineering. A variety of organic and synthetic biomaterials, such as chitosan, collagen or gelatin, alginate, hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin sulfate, polyethylene glycol, and polyvinyl alcohol, are used to generate injectable hydrogels. A promising biomaterial for the therapeutic injection of cells and bioactive chemicals for tissue regeneration in both dentistry and medicine, injectable hydrogels have recently attracted attention. Since injectable scaffolds can be implanted with less invasive surgery, their application is seen as a viable strategy in the regeneration of craniofacial tissue. Treatment for periodontitis that effectively promotes periodontal regeneration involves injecting a hydrogel that contains medications with simultaneous anti-inflammatory and tissueregenerating capabilities. The advantages of injectable hydrogel for tissue engineering are enhanced by the capability of three-dimensional encapsulation. A material's injectability can be attributed to a variety of mechanisms. The hydrogels work well to reduce inflammation and promote periodontal tissue regeneration.

Management of Aberrant Frenum and Gingival Overgrowth in Orthodontic Patients: A Case Report

“…Some people have recommended that lasers and electrosurgery could be the alternatives to frenectomies conducted using an ordinary technique and a scalpel. The results of this method are precise, and they are different depending on the technique used; the method can be used to control tissue accurately and achieve quicker healing, but there are also some disadvantages of the process; for instance, it can lead to the formation of long-term incisions that may cause gum diseases and aesthetic issues [ 11 ]. Scar formation should be discussed and treated, particularly when the scar interferes with the closure of the midline gap due to orthodontic work.…”

Advances in Hydrogels for Periodontitis Treatment

“…Hydrogel-encapsulated cytokines, exosomes, and nanoparticles can be released in a controlled manner, thereby improving the delivery efficiency. The hydrogels can inhibit the formation of plaque biofilms, alleviate inflammation, regulate the cell growth environment, promote osteogenesis, and ultimately facilitate the regeneration of the periodontal tissue. , …”

From Basic Science to Clinical Practice: A Review of Current Periodontal/Mucogingival Regenerative Biomaterials

“…[ 170 ] This can be achieved with physically crosslinked, shear‐thinning or thermosensitive hydrogels. [ 171 ] To have functional periodontal regeneration, the gel's mechanical properties must remain consistent as bone regeneration can occur only if there is stable spacing for the bone to form. [ 172 ]…”