Initiative for 100% rural electrification in developing countries: Case study of Senegal

Shedding some light on photovoltaic solar energy in Africa – A literature review

“…Regarding financial models, off-grid PV stands out because of its originality. The authors report on the importance of credit schemes [32] which allow projects to remain viable, the advantages and disadvantages of the "fee-for-service" model [67,68], the importance of setting appropriate tariffs [65], and the need to consider multiple aspects (sociocultural, geographic, technological, economic, institutional), all of which are closely related to the adaptation to financial models [69,70]. As for the recommendations made for the development of offgrid PV, the implementation of adapted models remains decisive for most authors.…”

Utility led rural electrification in Morocco: combining grid extension, mini‐grids, and solar home systems

“…While the documents and presentations by stakeholders do not provide indications of why the grid was expanded beyond what was first planned, the most obvious reason is that consumers put political pressure on ONE because (as has been described in South Africa) they saw the SHS as a second‐best option, being more expensive and not providing the same services as grid‐connection . This explanation is supported by the fact that, already in 2010, ONE started a grid extension programme, the aim of which was to 'respond to the needs of the population, which wants a grid connection instead of SHS, and therefore again to electrify villages which were not in the programme due to their remoteness and the consequently high cost of grid connection at the time' (Ref , p. 17).…”

“…Turning to Africa, Massé has made a comparison of the utility‐led models in Morocco and Tunisia and the RE agency models in Burkina Faso, Congo, and Madagascar, where he concludes that the RE agency model has resulted in 'very modest' achievements compared to the utility‐led models in Morocco and Tunisia. Besides this contribution, the experience of different electrification models led by RE agencies has increasingly been subjected to research, but apart from the case of South Africa, and Tunisia limited research has addressed the utility‐led models in Africa. In filling this research gap, research into RE in Morocco constitutes an interesting case because it is a utility‐led model at one pole of the continuum mentioned above that has achieved a very high rate of electrification, including reaching out to isolated and dispersed villages.…”

State-of-the-Art of Mini Grids for Rural Electrification in West Africa

“…On the other side, different country-specific mini grid analyses were performed in order to compare off-grid and grid extension approaches to achieve higher electrification coverage in Senegal [52] and to evaluate the total renewable energy potential in Cote d'Ivoire [53]. A different perspective was considered by Sawadogo et al (2020) [54] in which the impact of solar irradiation variability along the year in the design of PV systems in Western Africa was analyzed.…”