Initiative

Sawyer, Ralph D.; Sawyer, Mei-chün Lee

doi:10.4324/9780429493386-40

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Nearly a third (28.3%) of individuals recently incarcerated reported enrollment in community supervision programs, which could ideally function as a referral nexus for local health care, SUD treatment, and social services including housing . On any given day in the US, 374 000 persons are incarcerated for a drug offense, which accounts for 20% of the incarcerated population in the US, but SUD treatment coordination with probation and parole departments and expansion of incarceration diversion programs could reduce these figures . Seattle’s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion is a prebooking program that diverts low-level behavioral and drug-related offenses to intensive case management and community services .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Incarceration, Substance Use, Overdose, and Service Use Among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities

Hoover,

Korthuis,

Waddell

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceDrug use and incarceration have a substantial impact on rural communities, but factors associated with the incarceration of rural people who use drugs (PWUD) have not been thoroughly investigated.ObjectiveTo characterize associations between recent incarceration, overdose, and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment access among rural PWUD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsFor this cross-sectional study, the Rural Opioid Initiative research consortium conducted a survey in geographically diverse rural counties with high rates of overdose across 10 US states (Illinois, Wisconsin, North Carolina, Oregon, Kentucky, West Virginia, Ohio, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont) between January 25, 2018, and March 17, 2020, asking PWUD about their substance use, substance use treatment, and interactions with the criminal legal system. Participants were recruited through respondent-driven sampling in 8 rural US regions. Respondents who were willing to recruit additional respondents from their personal networks were enrolled at syringe service programs, community support organizations, and through direct community outreach; these so-called seed respondents then recruited others. Of 3044 respondents, 2935 included participants who resided in rural communities and reported past-30-day injection of any drug or use of opioids nonmedically via any route. Data were analyzed from February 8, 2022, to September 15, 2023.ExposureRecent incarceration was the exposure of interest, defined as a report of incarceration in jail or prison for at least 1 day in the past 6 months.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe associations between PWUD who were recently incarcerated and main outcomes of treatment use and overdose were examined using logistic regression.ResultsOf 2935 participants, 1662 (56.6%) were male, 2496 (85.0%) were White; the mean (SD) age was 36 (10) years; and in the past 30 days, 2507 (85.4%) reported opioid use and 1663 (56.7%) reported injecting drugs daily. A total of 1224 participants (41.7%) reported recent incarceration, with a median (IQR) incarceration of 15 (3-60) days in the past 6 months. Recent incarceration was associated with past-6-month overdose (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.12-1.70) and recent SUD treatment (AOR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.36-1.93) but not recent medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD; AOR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.82-1.28) or currently carrying naloxone (AOR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.86-1.21).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of PWUD in rural areas, participants commonly experienced recent incarceration, which was not associated with MOUD, an effective and lifesaving treatment. The criminal legal system should implement effective SUD treatment in rural areas, including MOUD and provision of naloxone, to fully align with evidence-based SUD health care policies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Incarceration, Substance Use, Overdose, and Service Use Among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities

Hoover,

Korthuis,

Waddell

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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“…State prisons make up the largest share of currently incarcerated individuals. Prisons house individuals convicted of a crime with a relatively longer sentence (typically at least 1 year), whereas jails primarily house those who are pretrial (>80% of the jail population) and also individuals postconviction with a relatively short sentence (typically <1 year) . We modeled incarceration rate as a categorical variable, because it was significant as a quadratic variable in association with all birth outcomes.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Incarceration Rates and Adverse Birth Outcomes in New York City, 2010-2014

et al. 2023

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ImportanceThe US has high rates of adverse birth outcomes, with substantial racial disparities augmented by stress and neighborhood disadvantage. Black people are more likely to live in neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration, which is a source of both stress and neighborhood disadvantage and, thus, may contribute to adverse birth outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine whether neighborhoods with high incarceration rates also have higher rates of adverse birth outcomes compared with neighborhoods with lower rates.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used publicly available data from the New York City Department of Health (2010-2014). Censored Poisson regression, with the US Census tract as the unit of analysis, was used to examine the association of neighborhood incarceration rate and birth outcomes. Multivariable models included percentage of births aggregated to the Census tract by maternal factors (age, parity, singleton vs multiple birth, insurance, and race) and neighborhood factors (poverty, education, and violent crime). Analyses were performed between May 2021 and October 2022.ExposureNeighborhood incarceration rate, categorized into quintiles.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of preterm birth and low birth weight. Secondary outcomes were IRRs of very preterm birth, extremely preterm birth, and very low birth weight. Hypotheses were formulated before data collection.ResultsAmong 2061 Census tracts with 562 339 births, incarceration rates varied from 0 to 4545 people incarcerated per 100 000, and high-incarceration neighborhoods had more residents of Black race (54.00% vs 1.90%), living in poverty (32.30% vs 10.00%), and without a general educational development equivalent (28.00% vs 12.00%) compared with low-incarceration neighborhoods. In fully adjusted models, high-incarceration neighborhoods had a 13% higher IRR of preterm birth (IRR, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.18), 45% higher IRR of very preterm birth (IRR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.24-1.71), 125% higher IRR of extremely preterm birth (IRR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.59-3.18), 10% higher IRR of low birth weight (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16), and 52% higher IRR of very low birth weight compared with low-incarceration neighborhoods (IRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28-1.81).Conclusions and RelevanceNeighborhood incarceration rate was positively associated with adverse birth outcomes, particularly those associated with infant mortality. Black people were significantly more likely to live in high-incarceration neighborhoods, suggesting that mass incarceration may contribute to racial disparities in birth outcomes.

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“…Three percent of women in U.S. prisons are pregnant, suggesting that nearly 55,000 women who are admitted to prisons are pregnant women (Sufrin et al, 2019); it is estimated that a further 80% of incarcerated women are already mothers (Sawyer & Bertram, 2018). After considering the numerous social determinants of health affecting incarcerated women's health outcomes, adding TBI to the intersectionality of race, sex, and socioeconomic status may illuminate other unaddressed health inequities (Singer et al, 2017).…”

Section: Mother and Child Health After Maternal Tbimentioning

confidence: 99%

An Injustice to the Justice-Involved

Nguyen

Mead

Ivany

2022

Journal of Forensic Nursing

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability among young adults worldwide and in the United States. TBIs are often associated with a high prevalence of morbidity, mortality, and other behavioral and cognitive problems. Several studies have shown that women living with TBIs have significantly higher odds of committing criminal acts, yet the impact of TBI on incarcerated women remains an underresearched area. By contrast, the effect of TBI on men is more prevalent in current literature, particularly relating to sports-related injuries. Given that an estimate of 80% of incarcerated women are mothers, we conducted a literature review in two phases focused on TBI in incarcerated mothers. The initial search of TBI in incarcerated mothers returned no results, so we proceeded in two phases. Phase 1 searched maternal outcomes of TBI, using the terms “maternal health” and “traumatic brain injury,” whereas Phase 2 searched “traumatic brain injury” and “incarcerated women.” Because so little information is available regarding TBI in incarcerated mothers, we used what we could find in these two phases to highlight the scarcity of knowledge about this population. This brief report addresses the knowledge gap that exists for incarcerated mothers living with TBI to encourage regular TBI screening to raise awareness and advocate for accommodated care. Correctional forensic nurses are perfectly placed to do TBI screening and to provide continuous rehabilitation after release to prevent reoffending.

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Initiative

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Recent Incarceration, Substance Use, Overdose, and Service Use Among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities

Recent Incarceration, Substance Use, Overdose, and Service Use Among People Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities

Neighborhood Incarceration Rates and Adverse Birth Outcomes in New York City, 2010-2014

An Injustice to the Justice-Involved

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