Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks in X80 and X100 Pipe Steels in Near-Neutral pH Environment

Kang, Jidong; Zheng, Wenyue; Bibby, Darren; Amirkhiz, Babak Shalchi; Li, Jian

doi:10.1007/s11665-015-1822-5

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Note that internal pressures in pipelines are generally fluctuating, resulting in cyclic stresses in the pipeline. Although small-scale tests reported in [38][39][40][41] have shown that cracks can initiate and propagate in specimens in an NNpH environment under quasi-static and static loading conditions, extensive full-scale tests [42,43] have demonstrated that cyclic stress facilitates the propagation of NNpH cracks far more than static stress. The present study considers CF enhanced by HE as the main mechanism for the growth of NNpH cracks.…”

Section: Nnphscc On Pipelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of crack growth models for near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking on oil and gas pipelines

Sun

Zhou

Kang

2021

J Infrastruct Preserv Resil

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This paper presents a review of four existing growth models for near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (NNpHSCC) defects on buried oil and gas pipelines: Chen et al.’s model, two models developed at the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) and Xing et al.’s model. All four models consider corrosion fatigue enhanced by hydrogen embrittlement as the main growth mechanism for NNpHSCC. The predictive accuracy of these growth models is investigated based on 39 crack growth rates obtained from full-scale tests conducted at the CanmetMATERIALS of Natural Resources Canada of pipe specimens that are in contact with NNpH soils and subjected to cyclic internal pressures. The comparison of the observed and predicted crack growth rates indicates that the hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE) component of Xing et al.’s model leads to on average reasonably accurate predictions with the corresponding mean and coefficient of variation (COV) of the observed-to-predicted ratios being 1.06 and 61.2%, respectively. The predictive accuracy of the other three models are markedly poorer. The analysis results suggest that further research is needed to improve existing growth models or develop new growth models to facilitate the pipeline integrity management practice with respect to NNpHSCC.

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Section: Nnphscc On Pipelinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of crack growth models for near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking on oil and gas pipelines

Sun

Zhou

Kang

2021

J Infrastruct Preserv Resil

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“…Extensive research has been carried out targeting different aspects of NNpHSCC, such as the failure mechanism, [5][6][7] crack initiation, [8][9][10][11][12] and crack growth quantification and modeling. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Full-scale testing 10,19 using soil boxes that simulate the field condition provides a viable means to directly evaluate the SCC crack propagation behaviors at different internal pressure levels, ranges of pressure fluctuation, and soil conditions. This type of test also allows a direct validation of SCC growth models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of test also allows a direct validation of SCC growth models. Since the 1990s, the CanmetMATERIALS Laboratory of Natural Resources Canada 16,19,20 has conducted such tests extensively and found that the crack depth growth rates per unit time (da/dt) are in the range of 5 Â 10 À9 mm/s (0.16 mm/ year) and 1 Â 10 À5 mm/s (315 mm/year) under different loading and environmental conditions. The Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) estimated the timeaveraged crack growth rates on two in-service pipelines that failed due to NNpHSCC to be 0.3 and 0.63 mm/year, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Full‐scale testing of near‐neutral pH stress corrosion cracking growth behavior of a vintage X52 oil pipe

Sun,

Yan,

Bibby

et al. 2024

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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This study presents an experimental investigation conducted on a 40‐year‐old vintage X52 oil pipe segment to assess the growth behavior of near‐neutral pH stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Six cracks were introduced on the pipe specimen, each of which was associated with a unique combination of metallurgical and environmental condition. SCC growth was evident in two base metal cracks respectively exposed to C2 and NS4. Stress intensity factors at the two cracks were evaluated using extended finite element method. Near‐neutral pH environment effects were observed to have a more pronounced effect on the stress intensity factor threshold for growth than on the growth rate. Higher stress levels and aging likely contribute to the difference in growth rates of different cracks. Electrochemical analysis suggests the corrosion‐crack propagation interplay, with a faster corrosion in the NS4 solution than that in the C2 solution consistent with the observed slower crack growth in NS4.

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“…This aspect has been mainly attributed to a reduced rate of dissolution at the crack tip in the depth direction [11,12]. Although crack dormancy is manifested [1,[12][13][14][15][16], the corrosion process could continue, and if so, it can increase blunting and stagnate the solution inside the crack, thereby affecting the probability of re-activation [15]. Evidence also pointed out the existence of two sequential mechanics for the initiation and early-crack growth of transgranular SCC; first, the anodic dissolution (AD) leading to pitting [17][18][19] and then the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) by means of acidification within these pits [20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-field modeling of near-neutral pH stress corrosion crack initiation life in underground pipelines

Martínez

Tesfamariam

2022

Preprint

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A unified phase-field theory is introduced to describe crack initiation and early crack growth due to pitting corrosion of pipelines in contact with near-neutral pH groundwater. The model incorporates a formulation that accounts for stochastic corrosion-induced crack nucleation events at pit sites. This approach supplies a modeling framework to handle the combined effects of electrochemical transformation of the original metal, hydrogen diffusion and resulting embrittlement of the original metal, and mechanical stresses. This is a robust computational approach to tracking the evolving metalelectrolyte interface and embrittlement regions. It was confirmed that dissolved hydrogen into the material promotes crack initiation over a wide potential range and that pitting corrosion, as a precursor of stress corrosion cracking, has a recognizable influence on strength over time. It is expected that this work provides the ground for modeling the pit-to-crack transition required to effectively control very slow crack-in-colonies in pipelines.

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Initiation of Stress Corrosion Cracks in X80 and X100 Pipe Steels in Near-Neutral pH Environment

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

A review of crack growth models for near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking on oil and gas pipelines

A review of crack growth models for near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking on oil and gas pipelines

Full‐scale testing of near‐neutral pH stress corrosion cracking growth behavior of a vintage X52 oil pipe

Phase-field modeling of near-neutral pH stress corrosion crack initiation life in underground pipelines

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