Initiation of Explosives by Exploding Wires. 3. Effect of Wire Diameter on the Initiation of Petn by Exploding Wires

Leopold, Howard S.

doi:10.21236/ad0600058

Cited by 2 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Figure 2 shows the effect of increasing circuit resistance. The maximum current decreases with increasing resistance which will limit the available energy to explode the bridgewire and therefore initiate the detonator IP [9].…”

Section: Firing Circuit Description and Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inductance of a firing circuit is also a critical parameter to minimize to ensure proper detonator function. It can be harmful to the energy input to the bridgewire and decrease the probability of detonation [10]. The effect of increasing inductance on the current profile is shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Firing Circuit Description and Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dynamic changes in resistance of the bridgewire are caused by the explosion of the wire and the relative conductivities of different material phases. There has been consensus for some time that there is a minimum amount of energy and power level required to explode the wire [10] and that can mostly be explained by the theory of Tucker in 1972 [12] that detail the states of the bridgewire as it undergoes explosion:…”

Section: General Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that the energy and power affect the explosion response of the wire. If energy is too low or deposited too slowly, the wire may not explode or explode in a non-optimal way [10]. The traces in Figure 7 (d) show a dwell event.…”

Section: General Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the pause, a current restrike drives it to full burst provided sufficient voltage remains across the wire length. Leopold has shown this phenomenon can be controlled by wire length provided that other circuit parameters remains constant [10] although the length is indirectly controlling energy density which is probably key to the root cause. Recently, dwell events have been shown to be caused by the wire material taking a pathway through the equation of state (EoS) that is at a particularly high-resistivity point while in the vapor phase.…”

Section: General Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

PETN Exploding Bridgewire (EBW) Detonators: A Review

Neal

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Exploding bridgewire (EBW) detonators have been used in weapon systems since the 1940s but there is huge debate surrounding how energy is transferred throughout the EBW firing system and the mechanism by which the exploding wire leads explosive detonation. This report summarizes the underpinning technologies and physical processes that are currently understood and reviews the various efforts to quantify the mechanism by which the PETN is initiated. The behavior of the firing system is very well understood and predictable. The energy delivered to the wire has been empirically modelled but further investigation is required to understand the role of material heterogeneities and their effect on initiation. The energy delivered by the exploding wire has been quantified in many studies but it is not possible to correlate these to a particular design or firing regime and thus definitive conclusions are impossible. The energy absorbed by the PETN is also not well understood. Therefore, the initiation mechanism within the PETN EBWs has not been determined for EBW detonators. There is strong evidence that a shock-todetonation (SDT) mechanism is not the sole cause of initiation. There is insufficient understanding of how electrical sparks transmit energy to PETN to make any judgement regarding the role gas ionization plays. Deflagration-to-detonation (DDT) seems like the most likely candidate for initiation but there is still a great lack of evidence for the presence of this mechanism.

show abstract

Section: Firing Circuit Description and Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Firing Circuit Description and Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: General Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

PETN Exploding Bridgewire (EBW) Detonators: A Review

Neal

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Metal and Metal Carbide Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Electrical Explosion of Wires Coupled with Epoxide Polymerization Capping

2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this study, metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs) were produced using electrical explosion of wires (EEW) in organic solvents. The explosion chamber was constructed from Teflon to withstand the shockwave, allow growth and reaction of the incipient NPs in various organic solvents containing dissolved ligands, and allow a constant flow of argon to maintain an inert environment. A survey of different transition d-block metals was conducted with metals from groups 4-8, affording metal carbide NPs, while metals from groups 9-12 gave elemental metallic NPs. Tungsten carbide phase WC1-x, which has not been previously isolated as a single-phase material, was exclusively formed during EEW. We used polymerization initiation by electron-rich metallic nanoparticles (PIERMEN) as a capping technique for the nascent NPs with an alkyl epoxide employed as the monomers. Transmission electron microscopy showed spherical particles with the metallic core embedded in a polymer matrix with predominantly smaller particles (<50 nm), but also a broad size distribution with some larger particles (>100 nm). Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was used to confirm the identity of the metallic NPs. The capping agents were characterized using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. No evidence is observed for the formation of crystalline oxides during EEW for any metals used. Differential scanning calorimetry/thermal gravimetric analysis was used to study the NP's behavior upon heating under an air flow up to 800 °C with the product oxides characterized by PXRD. The bifurcation between metal-carbide NPs and metal NPs correlates with the enthalpy of formation of the product carbides. We observed PIERMEN capping of elemental metal NPs only when the metal has negative standard electrode potentials (relative to a bis(biphenyl) chromium(I)/(0) reference electrode).

show abstract

Initiation of Explosives by Exploding Wires. 3. Effect of Wire Diameter on the Initiation of Petn by Exploding Wires

Cited by 2 publications

References 1 publication

PETN Exploding Bridgewire (EBW) Detonators: A Review

PETN Exploding Bridgewire (EBW) Detonators: A Review

Metal and Metal Carbide Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Electrical Explosion of Wires Coupled with Epoxide Polymerization Capping

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About