Initiation and maintenance of long term somatic embryogenesis from anthers and ovaries of Vitis longii ?Microsperma?

Abstract

Anthers and ovaries of Vitis longii 'Microsperma' produced embryogenic callus when cultured on solidified Murashige and Skoog medium with 5/~M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 1 #M benzyladenine (BA). The initial callus was short-lived. However, long-term embryogenesis from callus was maintained through serial transfers by careful selection of clustered embryos with subtending callus. Alternatively, long term culture maintenance was through secondary embryogenesis which occurred directly from previously formed embryos on medium lacking growth regulators. Somatic embryos were white, exhibited frequent pluricotyly and tended to be larger than zygotic embryos. Histology of embryogenic callus demonstrated the presence of lipidlike substances and abundant starch. Somatic embryos were attached to callus by narrow to wide suspensor-like structures and possessed typical epidermal, cortical, and vascular tissue. Embryo cells contained abundant lipid-like accumulations but no starch. Embryos germinated when placed on medium containing 1 #M BA and produced plants of normal appearance.

Polyphenols Distribution and Reserve Substances Analysis in Cocoa Somatic Embryogenesis

“…According to Quainoo and Dwomo (2012b), cacao tissue is highly sensitive to TDZ concentration because ethylene levels in cells can increase and affect the metabolism of endogenous cytokinins. Moreover, in this variety, organized apical meristems were absent, like in cacao somatic embryogenesis as reported by Dodeman et al, (1997) as well as with soybean by Barwale et al, (1986) and Vitis longii by Gray and Mortensen (1987). GoebelTourand et al, (1993) suggested that somatic embryogenesis implies several interactions where the alteration in one factor may triggers continuos uncommon abnormal events.…”

Somatic Embryogenesis and the Technology of Synthetic Seed

“…This method of germplasm conservation would be particularly useful for tropical species where existing conservation is inadequate or nonexistent. Grape is a good experimental prospect since well-developed somatic embryos have been obtained (Gray 1987b(Gray ,1989Gray and Mortensen 1987). The prospects of using synthetic seed technology for grape germplasm conservation was previously discussed in depth (Gray and Compton 1992).…”

“…Dormancy of grape seed can be alleviated by cold stratification, after which germination occurs (Flemion 1937). Somatic embryos of grape are similar to seed in that they germinate better following cold treatments (Gray and Mortensen 1987). This suggests that the somatic embryos also are dormant.…”

“…The first reference to the potential use of somatic embryos for propagation is generally credited to Murashige (1978) and efforts to engineer them into synthetic seed have been ongoing ever since (e.g., Gray et al 1984Gray et al , 1992Kitto and Janick 1985a,b,c;Redenbaugh et al 1986Redenbaugh et al , 1987aRedenbaugh et al ,b, 1988Redenbaugh et al , 1991Redenbaugh et al , 1994Fujii et al 1987aFujii et al ,b, 1989Gray 1987aGray , 1990bGray and Mortensen 1987;Stuart et al 1987;Carman 1989;Janick et al 1989;Kim and Janick 1989a,b;McKersie et al 1989;Redenbaugh 1990;Senaratna et al 1990;Gray and Purohit 199Ia,b;Parrott et al 1991;Gray and Compton 1993;Senaratna 1992;Attree and Fowke 1993). However, basic developmental mechanisms that contribute to the desirability of seed, such as onset of quiescence and ability to withstand dehydration, are either missing in all but a few embryogenic systems or have been simply overlooked (Gray 1990b Somatic and zygotic embryos share similar gross ontogenies, with both typically passing through globular, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages for dicots (e.g., Ammirato 1987;Gray and Mortensen 1987) and conifers (Becwar et al 1989), or globular, scutellar, and coleoptilar stages for monocots (e.g., Conger et al 1983;Gray and Conger 1985b,c).…”

“…However, basic developmental mechanisms that contribute to the desirability of seed, such as onset of quiescence and ability to withstand dehydration, are either missing in all but a few embryogenic systems or have been simply overlooked (Gray 1990b Somatic and zygotic embryos share similar gross ontogenies, with both typically passing through globular, torpedo, and cotyledonary stages for dicots (e.g., Ammirato 1987;Gray and Mortensen 1987) and conifers (Becwar et al 1989), or globular, scutellar, and coleoptilar stages for monocots (e.g., Conger et al 1983;Gray and Conger 1985b,c). However, significant differences exist that currently limit the use of somatic embryos for propagation.…”