Initial systemic inflammatory state perturbs exercise training adaptations in elite Taekwondo athletes

Liao, Yi Hung; Chou, Chun Chung; Sung, Yu Chi; Tsai, Shau‐Wei

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176140

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The VO 2 max of male Serbian international taekwondo athletes, according to the study of Cubrilo et al [19], was lower than our findings (44 ± 3 mL•kg -1 •min -1) Another study reported higher values; Italian international taekwondo players had a VO 2 max value of 63.2 ± 6.1 mL • kg -1 • min -1 [16]. A wide range of values has been reported for both national and international groups [8,10,12,15,40,82]. Aerobic fitness may affect performance indirectly by helping recovery between the attacks [60].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Physical, physiological and psychological profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo athletes

Khayyat

Sağır

Hataş

et al. 2020

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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SummaryStudy aim: To identify the physical, physiological and psychological profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo athletes.Material and methods: Twelve players of the Turkish national taekwondo team (age = 22.7 ± 2.8 years, BMI = 22.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2, body fat = 12.8 ± 3.4%) participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements including leg length and foot size were assessed. Maximal oxygen uptake, explosive power of leg extensors, isokinetic peak torque, muscular endurance, anaerobic power, agility, flexibility, maximal speed, reaction time, and postural balance were examined by incremental treadmill running, vertical jump, isokinetic strength, sit-ups and push-ups, Wingate, shuttle run, sit-and-reach, 30-meter sprint, multiple-choice reaction time, and General Postural Stability and Athlete Single Leg stability tests, respectively. Psychological characteristics including mental skills and mood states were evaluated using OMSAT-3 and POMS tests.Results: VO2max, isokinetic peak torque and Wingate test mean power values were 54.1 ± 4.4 mL ∙ kg−1 ∙ min−1, 191.7 ± 19.2 N ∙ m, and 9 ± 0.7 W/kg, respectively. Postural stability index 0.18 ± 0.06, single leg stability index 0.82 ± 0.11, reaction time 0.344 ± 0.032 s, 10 × 5-m shuttle run 17.09 ± 0.68 s, 30-meter sprint 4.60 ± 0.23 s, and vertical jump 43.5 ± 6.1 cm were the other values reported. The highest scores for the 12 mental skills in OMSAT-3 were for goal setting (6.25 ± 0.45) and self-confidence (6.16 ± 0.45). The lowest score was for Imagery (5.64 ± 0.36). The results of six mood states of POMS showed higher scores on the Vigor-activity, Anger-Hostility and Tension-Anxiety scales and lower scores on Depression-Dejection, Fatigue-Inertia and Confusion-Bewilderment than norms.Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed the physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics in taekwondo. The results of the tests could be useful for performance assessment of taekwondo players.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 57%

Physical, physiological and psychological profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo athletes

Khayyat

Sağır

Hataş

et al. 2020

Biomedical Human Kinetics

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“…In the present study, IL-6 appeared to decrease in TRE and increase in ND (even if not significantly). Moreover, the ratio of neutrophils-to-lymphocytes (NLR) is a biomarker of systemic inflammation largely used in clinical practice, which correlates with the circulating level of C-reactive protein (CRP) [ 52 , 53 ]. In our study, both groups presented a decrease in neutrophils and an increase in lymphocytes after 4 weeks of treatment, whilst the NLR seems to be more affected by the TRE compare to ND (TRE -39%; ND − 30%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-restricted eating effects on performance, immune function, and body composition in elite cyclists: a randomized controlled trial

Moro

Tinsley

Longo

et al. 2020

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

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Background Although there is substantial interest in intermittent fasting as a dietary approach in active individuals, information regarding its effects in elite endurance athletes is currently unavailable. The present parallel randomized trial investigated the effects of a particular intermittent fasting approach, called time-restricted eating (TRE), during 4 weeks of high-level endurance training. Methods Sixteen elite under-23 cyclists were randomly assigned either to a TRE group or a control group (ND). The TRE group consumed 100% of its estimated daily energy needs in an 8-h time window (from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) whilst energy intake in the ND group was distributed in 3 meals consumed between 7:00 a.m. and 9:00 p.m. Fat and fat-free mass were estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis and VO2max and basal metabolism by indirect gas analyzer. In addition, blood counts, anabolic hormones (i.e. free testosterone, IGF-1) and inflammatory markers (i.e. IL-6, TNF-α) were assessed. Results TRE reduced body weight (− 2%; p = 0.04) and fat mass percentage (− 1.1%; p = 0.01) with no change in fat-free mass. Performance tests showed no significant differences between groups, however the peak power output/body weight ratio (PPO/BW) improved in TRE group due to weight loss (p = 0.02). Free testosterone and IGF-1 decreased significantly (p = 0.01 and p = 0.03 respectively) in TRE group. Leucocyte count decreased in ND group (p = 0.02) whilst the neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio (NLR) decreased significantly (p = 0.03) in TRE group. Conclusions Our results suggest that a TRE program with an 8-h feeding window elicits weight loss, improves body composition and increases PPO/BW in elite cyclists. TRE could also be beneficial for reducing inflammation and may have a protective effect on some components of the immune system. Overall, TRE could be considered as a component of a periodized nutrition plan in endurance athletes. Trial registration This trial was retrospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04320784 on 25 March 2020.

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“…Neutrophils are rapidly infiltrated into damage tissue after exercise-induced muscle damage and evoke initial local inflammation (Kanda et al., 2013). Moreover, the NLR and PLR are widely applied to reflect the systemic inflammatory status in athletes and patients (Turkmen et al., 2013; Lou et al., 2015; Liao et al., 2016; Chen et al., 2017). In this study, we found the NLR and PLR were significantly higher in STC than in TMSK following the consecutive tasks, indicating that the STC provoked even greater systemic inflammatory responses (Figures 4D,F).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Match-Mimicking Intermittent Practice Be Used as a Simulatory Training Mode of Competition Using Olympic Time Frame in Elite Taekwondo Athletes?

et al. 2019

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Aim: The physiological realities between Taekwondo (TKD) simulation kicking training and TKD competition according to the Olympic time frame remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to establish an Olympic match-simulated kicking model and compare its effects with real TKD competition on physiological challenges and hormonal responses during serial matches in elite athletes. Method: Sixteen elite TKD athletes randomly were assigned into either a TKD match-simulated kicking group (TMSK; N = 8, age: 21.3 ± 0.2 years) or a simulated TKD competition group (STC; N = 8, age: 21.6 ± 0.5 years). Both groups performed either simulated kicking or TKD competitions in the same time-course order, and all physiological parameters and blood sampling time-points were identical between groups. The heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during each match-simulated kicking and TKD competition session. Blood samples were obtained before competition (Pre-Comp.), after competition—in ths case meaning four consecutive matches (End-Comp.), and 24 h after the first match (Next day) for determination of biomarkers of muscle damage (myoglobin and CK), hematological profiles, and hormonal profiles (testosterone and cortisol). Results: The responses of HR, RPE, and blood lactate levels during the consecutive testing sessions showed no differences between TMSK and STC. The changes in CK and myoglobin were greater in STC ( p < 0.05), and a greater decrease in red blood cell (RBC) loss was observed in the STC group ( p < 0.05). Compared with TMSK, the inflammatory state, reflected by the ratios of neutrophils-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and platelets-to-lymphocyte (PLR), was higher in STC ( p < 0.05). Moreover, the catabolic state (cortisol/testosterone) was greater in STC than in TMSK ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: We demonstrated that, compared with TMSK, the STC produced greater muscle damage, inflammatory responses, and catabolic stress in the Olympic competition time frame in elite male TKD athletes. Although TMSK is capable of eliciting similar physiological challenges as TKD competition, the muscle damage and hormonal profiles provoked by TMSK were not comparable to TKD competition. Our findings provide science-based data and better understanding for coaches, athletes, and sports scientists to develop TKD-specific training programs for Olympic preparation.

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Initial systemic inflammatory state perturbs exercise training adaptations in elite Taekwondo athletes

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Physical, physiological and psychological profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo athletes

Physical, physiological and psychological profiles of elite Turkish taekwondo athletes

Time-restricted eating effects on performance, immune function, and body composition in elite cyclists: a randomized controlled trial

Can Match-Mimicking Intermittent Practice Be Used as a Simulatory Training Mode of Competition Using Olympic Time Frame in Elite Taekwondo Athletes?

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