Initial‐stage pulses in upward lightning: Leader/return stroke versus M‐component mode of charge transfer to ground

Flache, Denis; Rakov, Vladimir A.; Heidler, F.; Zischank, W.; Thottappillil, Rajeev

doi:10.1029/2008gl034148

Cited by 98 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…2 shows an example of a flash current record measured by one of the Rogowski coils located at the top measuring lo- For the statistical analysis of the parameters associated with current pulses, we considered together: 1) return stroke pulses, namely, pulses occurring after the extinction of the initial continuous current and 2) pulses superimposed on the initial continuous current fulfilling two conditions: a rise time lower than 8 s and an amplitude greater than 2 kA. These pulses are believed to be associated with the leader/return stroke mode of charge transfer, as opposed to slower pulses which are associated with the M-component charge transfer mode [17].…”

Section: A Current Waveform Associated With a Typical Upwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It presents a lognormal distribution with a median of eight pulses per flash. It is worth noting that the flash multiplicity is determined considering all the pulses of each flash satisfying the same two conditions that we used in our statistical analyses, already mentioned in Section III-A, that make them indicative of the leader/return-stroke mode of charge transfer [17], namely a risetime lower than 8 s and an amplitude superior to 2 kA.…”

Section: J Flash Multiplicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Statistical Distributions of Lightning Currents Associated With Upward Negative Flashes Based on the Data Collected at the Säntis (EMC) Tower in 2010 and 2011

Romero

Rachidi

Paolone

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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Abstract-This paper presents statistical distributions of lightning current parameters based on the lightning current and current-derivative waveforms measured at the Säntis Tower site in 2010 and 2011. The total number of flashes analyzed in this study was 167, which includes nearly 2000 pulses. The statistical distributions refer to upward negative flashes. It is shown that negative flashes are mainly concentrated in the summer months during the convective season. Statistical data on the salient lightning current parameters, namely, peak current, peak current derivative, risetime, pulse charge, pulse duration, interpulse interval, and flash multiplicity are presented and discussed. The obtained data that constitute the largest dataset available to this date for upward negative flashes are also compared with other available statistical distributions.

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Section: A Current Waveform Associated With a Typical Upwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: J Flash Multiplicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Distributions of Lightning Currents Associated With Upward Negative Flashes Based on the Data Collected at the Säntis (EMC) Tower in 2010 and 2011

Romero

Rachidi

Paolone

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Power Delivery

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“…According to [51], pulses with short risetimes (lower than about 8 μs) are indicative of the leaderreturn stroke mode of charge transfer to ground, while those with longer risetimes are associated with the M-component mode of charge transfer to ground [51].…”

Section: B Icc Pulsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Lightning Electromagnetic Field Propagation Along an Irregular Terrain

Azadifar

Rachidi

et al. 2016

IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat.

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Abstract-In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the propagation effects of lightning electromagnetic fields over a mountainous terrain. The analysis is supported by experimental observations consisting of simultaneous records of lightning currents and electric fields associated with upward negative lightning flashes to the instrumented Säntis tower in Switzerland. The propagation of lightning electromagnetic fields along the mountainous region around the Säntis tower is simulated using a full-wave approach based on the finite-difference time-domain method and using the two-dimensional topographic map along the direct path between the tower and the field measurement station located at about 15 km from the tower. We show that, considering the real irregular terrain between the Säntis tower and the field measurement station, both the waveshape and amplitude of the simulated electric fields associated with return strokes and fast initial continuous current pulses are in excellent agreement with the measured waveforms. On the other hand, the assumption of a flat ground results in a significant underestimation of the peak electric field. Finally, we discuss the sensitivity of the obtained results to the assumed values for the return stroke speed and the ground conductivity, the adopted return stroke model, as well as the presence of the building on which the sensors were located.

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“…Such cameras have been used in lightning studies in Austria (e.g., Diendorfer et al [2002] [1]), Brazil (e.g., Saba et al [2006] [2]; [3]), China (Qie and Kong [2007] [4]; Kong et al [2008] [5]), Germany (e.g., Flache et al [2008] [6]), USA (e.g., [7]) and other countries. HS video recordings can be used in studying the number of strokes per flash (multiplicity), percentage of single-stroke flashes, interstroke intervals, occurrence of continuing currents, and other lightning parameters (e.g., Saraiva et al [2010] [8]; Ballarotti et al [2012] [9]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An unusual two-stroke negative cloud-to-ground flash showing profuse branching and corona-like formations

Tran

Rakov

Mallick

2014

2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP)

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An unusual natural lightning flash containing two negative strokes to ground was recorded at the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville (LOG), Florida, on June 8, 2013. The flash was apparently a bolt-from-the-blue, whose first-stroke leader emerged from the side of the cloud at a height of about 3.5 km above ground level. The first leader showed profuse branching and what appears to be corona-like formations with spatial extent of 100 to 200 m (probably an intensified portion of radial corona sheath) at the upper part of the channel. Leader branching process facilitated by two simultaneous space stems was observed. The corresponding step lengths were estimated to be 14 and 15 m. The first-stroke attachment process involved a streamer zone about 50 m in length. Second-stroke leader was also branched. One of the second-leader branches appeared to abruptly change its direction at the beginning of return stroke process.

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Initial‐stage pulses in upward lightning: Leader/return stroke versus M‐component mode of charge transfer to ground

Cited by 98 publications

References 9 publications

Statistical Distributions of Lightning Currents Associated With Upward Negative Flashes Based on the Data Collected at the Säntis (EMC) Tower in 2010 and 2011

Statistical Distributions of Lightning Currents Associated With Upward Negative Flashes Based on the Data Collected at the Säntis (EMC) Tower in 2010 and 2011

On Lightning Electromagnetic Field Propagation Along an Irregular Terrain

An unusual two-stroke negative cloud-to-ground flash showing profuse branching and corona-like formations

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