Initial Reactions at the Electrodes of the FFC-Cambridge Process in Molten CaCl2 to Produce Ti

The Electrolytic Reduction of MoO3 in CaCl2-NaCl Molten Salt

“…Because of its environmental friendliness and adaptability to a variety of metals, the process has been widely concerned once it was proposed, and has gradually developed into the preparation of various metals and alloys. 5,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] At present, the research of electro-deoxidation in molten salt mainly focused on transition metal oxides such as TiO 2 , 12,17 ZrO 2 , 18 HfO 2 , 19 Nb 2 O 5 , 20 Ta 2 O 5 , 21 Cr 2 O 3 22 and NiO 23 and so on. Rare earth oxides, including CeO 2 , 24 Gd 2 O 3 , 25 Tb 4 O 7 26 and Dy 2 O 3 27 etc., were also investigated.…”

“…However, due to the high melting point of CaCl 2 (1045 K), the operating temperature should be much higher during electrolysis. For instance, Lai et al studies the electrochemical reduction of TiO 2 in CaCl 2 salts at 1173 K. 17 Considering the safety and corrosion factors of the experimental device, CaCl 2 is not a favored electrolyte. Lower melting point molten salts, for example, CaCl 2 -NaCl, were selected as electrolyte instead of CaCl 2 in the process of electrolytic reduction, which will solve some relevant problems.…”

Electrolytic Reduction of ZnO in the CaCl2-NaCl Molten Salt

“…1,4,14 Therefore, the research on developing and optimizing direct reduction of metal oxides technology for metal preparation is essential. At present, many metal oxides, such as TiO 2 , 11,15 ZrO 2 , 16 HfO 2 , 17 Nb 2 O 5 , 18 Ta 2 O 5 , 4 Cr 2 O 3 , 19 MoO 3 , 20 and NiO, 21 etc., have been used as raw materials by this method. Meanwhile, various molten salt systems, such as LiCl, LiCl-Li 2 O, CaCl 2 , CaCl 2 -NaCl, and LiCl-KCl-CaCl 2 , have been used as the electrolytes for the electrolytic reduction process.…”

Electrolytic Reduction of U3O8 and U3O8-MoO3 in CaCl2-NaCl Molten Salt

“…LiCl melt with a small amount of Li 2 O is mostly selected as the electrolyte in the study of uranium oxides (UO 2 and U 3 O 8 ) at 923 K, and the electrochemical reduction of U 3 O 8 and UO 2 to U in this context was reported by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL, USA), Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI, Japan), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI, Korea), and Indira Gandhi Center for Atomic Research (IGCAR, India). 14 CaCl 2 is also an appropriate electrolyte with good solubility of oxygen ions, but its melting point is too high, 20 so choosing CaCl 2 -NaCl instead of CaCl 2 as the electrolyte can solve the above problems well. 8,21 However, the research of uranium oxides was rarely reported as a cathode for electrolytic reduction in CaCl 2 -NaCl molten salt.…”