Initial Management of Small-Cell Lung Cancer (limited- and Extensive-Stage) and the Role of Thoracic Radiotherapy and First-Line Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Background Patients with limited-stage (ls) or extensive-stage (es) small-cell lung cancer (sclc) are commonly given platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment. Standard chemotherapy for patients with ls sclc includes a platinum agent such as cisplatin combined with the non-platinum agent etoposide. The objective of the present systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of adding radiotherapy to chemotherapy in patients with es sclc and to determine the appropriate timing, dose, and schedule of chemotherapy or radiation for patients with sclc.Methods The medline and embase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (rcts) comparing treatment with radiotherapy plus chemotherapy against treatment with chemotherapy alone in patients with es sclc. Identified rcts were also included if they compared various timings, doses, and schedules of treatment for patients with es sclc or ls sclc.Results Sixty-four rcts were included. In patients with ls sclc, overall survival was greatest with platinum– etoposide compared with other chemotherapy regimens. In patients with es sclc, overall survival was greatest with chemotherapy containing platinum–irinotecan than with chemotherapy containing platinum–etoposide (hazard ratio: 0.84; 95% confidence interval: 0.74 to 0.95; p = 0.006). The addition of radiation to chemotherapy for patients with es sclc showed mixed results. There was no conclusive evidence that the timing, dose, or schedule of thoracic radiation affected treatment outcomes in sclc.Conclusions In patients with ls sclc, cisplatin–etoposide plus radiotherapy should remain the standard therapy. In patients with es sclc, the evidence is insufficient to recommend the addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy as standard practice to improve overall survival. However, on a case-by-case basis, radiotherapy might be added to reduce local recurrence. The most commonly used chemotherapy is platinum–etoposide; however, platinum– irinotecan can be considered.

Surgery as a Potential Treatment Option for Patients With Stage III Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

“…The importance of surgery in the treatment early-stage SCLC has been widely acknowledged (19, 21, 22). And for SCLC patients at relatively advanced limited-stage, concurrent chemo-radiotherapy is greatly recommended (23, 24). Recent advances in radiology have enabled the early diagnosis of SCLC, and have prompted us to re-evaluate the effectiveness of surgery in SCLC.…”

Radiation Therapy for Small-Cell Lung Cancer: ASCO Guideline Endorsement of an ASTRO Guideline

“…The updated search yielded six records. [5][6][7][8][9][10] A review of these results revealed no new evidence that would warrant substantive modification of the ASTRO Radiation Therapy for Small-Cell Lung Cancer guideline practice recommendations.…”

“…1 University of California, Davis, CA 2 American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA 3 Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 4 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 5 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 6 Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 7 New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 8 Dusty Joy Foundation, High Point, NC 9 University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI…”

Oncolytic Virotherapy with Myxoma Virus

“…The SCLC-associated invasive tumor growth and early metastatic dissemination are mainly driven by the mutational inactivation of RB1 and p53. Patients with limited stage (LS) or extensive stage (ES) SCLC are commonly given platinum-based chemotherapy, such as cisplatin and carboplatin, with the non-platinum agent etoposide as first-line treatment [74]. Immunotherapy using an anti-PD1 antibody, prolonged survival compared to standard chemotherapy against NSCLC; however, for SCLC the response rate to immunotherapy remains low, in the range of 15-30% [75].…”