Initial growth dynamics of 10 nm nanobubbles in the graphene liquid cell

Abstract

The unexpected long lifetime of nanobubble against the large Laplace pressure is one of the important issues in nanobubble research and a few models have been proposed to explain it. Most studies, however, have been focused on the observation of relatively large nanobubbles over 100 nm and are limited to the equilibrium state phenomena. The study on the sub-100 nm sized nanobubble is still lacking due to the limitation of imaging methods which overcomes the optical resolution limit. Here, we demonstrate the observation of growth dynamics of 10 nm nanobubbles confined in the graphene liquid cell using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We modified the classical diffusion theory by considering the finite size of the confined system of graphene liquid cell (GLC), successfully describing the temporal growth of nanobubble. Our study shows that the growth of nanobubble is determined by the gas oversaturation, which is affected by the size of GLC.Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Voltammetric Determination of the Stochastic Formation Rate and Geometry of Individual H2, N2, and O2 Bubble Nuclei

“…Because thermal fluctuations govern the smallest stable meniscus, such fluctuations are also likely to play a major role in determining the properties of the critical nucleus. Note that the size of the critical nucleus obtained in this study is comparable to the size of the smallest bubbles observed from an in situ transmission electron microscopy experiment . Given the volume ( V ) and the number of molecules ( N ) in the critical nucleus, the average distance between the gas molecules inside can be estimated via , which yields a distances of ∼5 Å between H 2 molecules and ∼6 Å between both N 2 and O 2 molecules.…”

“…Note that the size of the critical nucleus obtained in this study is comparable to the size of the smallest bubbles observed from an in situ transmission electron microscopy experiment. 38 Given the volume (V) and the number of molecules (N) in the critical nucleus, the average distance between the gas molecules inside can be estimated via…”

Imaging and Quantifying the Formation of Single Nanobubbles at Single Platinum Nanoparticles during the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

“…In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also allowed probing sub-100 nm NBs next to cathode materials. It allows inferring the 3D shape of the NB over the electrode surface, though the requirements of thin liquid cells strongly affects the NB growth dynamics, which is also strongly influenced by radiolysis effects from the electron beam. , …”

“…It allows inferring the 3D shape of the NB over the electrode surface, though the requirements of thin liquid cells strongly affects the NB growth dynamics, which is also strongly influenced by radiolysis effects from the electron beam. 17,18 Optical microscopies provide a pertinent imaging alternative in terms of high throughput and wider field of observation. Recently, the dynamics of EC single NB formation was optically monitored by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM).…”

Deep learning of deformation-dependent conductance in thin films: nanobubbles in graphene

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