Initial Cooling Experiments (ICE) at CERN

Elementary stochastic cooling

“…Subsequently, experiments at CERN in the ICE ring 10 with 46 HeV protons and at Fermilab 11 with 200 MeV protons, confirmed the betatron cooling effects and also demonstrated longitudinal cooling, achieving a reduction in the beam momentum spread or a factor or -50 with an initial cooling rate of -31sec.…”

“…Eq. To obtain an increase in particle density from 5/eV to 10 5 /eV would take 9.9 or Thus it would appear that high density gradients are possible but in actual fact we cannot do so well for practical reasons.…”