Inhibitory Effects of Gyeji-Tang on MMP-9 Activity and the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in IL-4- and TNF-α-Stimulated BEAS-2B Cells

Abstract

Gyeji-tang (GJT), a traditional herbal formula composed of five herbal medicines, is commonly used to treat the common cold, exogenous febrile disease, fever and headaches in Korea, China and Japan. Although various pharmacological activities of GJT have been reported in several studies, the effect of GJT water extract (GJTWE) on airway inflammation has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GJTWE on airway inflammation-related factors using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and to identify the phytochemicals in GJTWE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis. GJTWE significantly decreased the production of chemokines, including eotaxin-3, eotaxin-1, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and the expression of the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, in interleukin-4 + tumor necrosis factor-α (IT)-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. In the UPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, 21 phytochemicals, including six flavonoids, two chalcones, five terpenoids, six phenolics, one phenylpropanoid and one coumarin, were identified in GJTWE. The findings suggested that GJTWE might exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on airway inflammation by regulating the expression of inflammatory response-related factors in IT-stimulated BEAS-2B cells; further studies are required to determine the bioactive compounds involved in the inhibition of airway inflammation.

Depression of long non-coding RNA SOX2 overlapping transcript attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced injury in bronchial epithelial cells via miR-455-3p/phosphatase and tensin homolog axis and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway

“…Considering the complex role of NF-κB in cell inflammation and apoptosis and that LPS elicits NF-κB activation [ 27 , 28 ], our experiments further clarified that SOX2-OT depilation decreased the phosphorylation of NF-κB. Besides mediating inflammation and cell apoptosis, the NF-κB signal also participates in the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, two typical adhesion molecules that may aggravate the inflammatory response and inflammatory cell recruitment [ 29 , 30 ]. In this study, SOX2-OT knockdown averted the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by LPS in BEAS-2B cells.…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Jakyakgamcho-Tang in IL-4- and TNF-α-Stimulated Lung Epithelial Cells and Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages

“…Mass spectra were acquired in both positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) modes. The MS/MS conditions are described in a previous study [21]. The mass spectra were recorded in the range of 100-1500 m/z, with a collision energy of 25 eV.…”

“…Cell viability was assessed using the cell counting kit (CCK)-8 assay (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan). BEAS-2B cells (6 × 10 3 cells/well) were incubated in 96-well plates with 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 µg/mL of JGTW for 24 h. The cytotoxicity assay was conducted as described previously [21].…”

“…BEAS-2B cells (5 × 10 5 cells/well) were cultured in six-well plates overnight, then washed and incubated with of serum-free medium containing 50 ng/mL of IL-4 + TNF-α (IT; R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). After 48 h, culture supernatants were collected to measure the productions of eotaxin-3, eotaxin-1, and RANTES using and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and MMP-9 activity zymography as described previously [21]. The remaining cells were harvested to get the total RNA for measuring the expression levels of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).…”

“…The remaining cells were harvested to get the total RNA for measuring the expression levels of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) and housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The detailed description of materials and experimental conditions for the RT-PCR have been described earlier [21].…”