Inhibition of Zoonotic Pathogens Naturally Found in Pig Manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Their Intestine Bacteria

Elhag, Osama; Zhang, Yuanpu; Xiao, Xiaopeng; Cai, Minmin; Zheng, Longyu; Jordan, Heather R.; Tomberlin, Jeffery K.; Huang, Feng; Zhou, Yu; Zhang, Jibin

doi:10.3390/insects13010066

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…It has previously been observed, that H. illucens larvae are able to reduce the level of bacteria present in pig manure [ 25 ]. The same seems to be true for the level of ASFV genomic material in spiked feed in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and Survival of African Swine Fever Virus in Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae

et al. 2022

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Insect production offers a sustainable source of nutrients for livestock. This comes with a risk for transmission of pathogens from the insects into the livestock sector, including viruses causing serious diseases, such as African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. ASFV is known to survive for a long time within animal meat and byproducts. Therefore, we conducted experimental exposure studies of insects to ASFV using larvae of two key insect species produced for food and feed, the mealworm; Tenebrio molitor, and the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. The larvae were exposed to ASFV POL/2015/Podlaskie, via oral uptake of serum or spleen material from ASFV-infected pigs. Using qPCR, the amounts of viral DNA present immediately after exposure varied from ~104.7 to 107.2 genome copies per insect. ASFV DNA was detectable in the larvae of H. illucens for up to 3 days post exposure and in T. molitor larvae for up to 9 days post exposure. To assess the presence of infectious virus within the larvae and with this, the risk of virus transmission via oral consumption, pigs were fed cakes containing larvae exposed to ASFV. Pigs that consumed 50 T. molitor or 50 H. illucens virus-exposed larvae did not become infected with ASFV. Thus, it appears, that in our experimental setting, the risk of ASFV transmission via consumption of unprocessed insect larvae, used as feed, is low.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uptake and Survival of African Swine Fever Virus in Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae

et al. 2022

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“…There is a need for close monitoring of microbial and chemical contaminants in BSF biomass to ensure feed and food safety (Purschke et al, 2017). It should also be mentioned that BSF rearing has been reported to reduce pathogenic microbes present in organic wastes such as human faeces and animal manure (Elhag et al, 2022). To ensure standard feed is developed from BSF, there is a need to regulate the material used for rearing the insects and formulate standards to be used when formulating feed using the larvae.…”

Section: Please Cite This Article As 'In Press'mentioning

confidence: 99%

African traditional use of edible insects and challenges towards the future trends of food and feed

Kipkoech

Jaster-Keller

Gottschalk

et al. 2023

JIFF

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In the current times of climate change, the intense use of insects as a protein source is gaining popularity worldwide, and will likely contribute to increased nutrient intake in food and feed due to its nutritional, ecological, nutraceutical, and medicinal potential. Ancient traditional consumption of wild-harvested insects in Africa is a valuable but diminishing resource. There is a need for improved technology in insect rearing to match production with the current population pressure since we can no longer depend on wild collection. The current legislation within the European Union opens a pathway towards acceptance, increased consumption, and marketing of edible insects, which already had a big role in African nutrition as a portion of seasonal food. Food security and expensive animal protein sources are a setback in Africa and there is a need to search for alternative sources to curb malnutrition. Insect use in animal feed is gaining momentum in pig, fish, pet, and poultry feed. To meet the rising demand for insect protein in animal feed, it calls for new ways to increase availability while addressing food quality, safety, and environmental sustainability. Apart from their importance as a source of nutrients, insects help to recycle organic waste, and the remaining portion can be used in plant protection and as a soil modifier. This review, therefore, undertakes exploration and outlook on the ancient utilisation of edible insects in Africa, current efforts to improve through farming, and the challenges faced with the hope that traditional practices will shape the future of the edible insect industry.

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“…The BSF larvae were reared with food waste at the Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China. The optimal artificial rearing conditions were as follows: temperature, 28 ± 1 • C; relative humidity, 60-70%; and light/night photoperiod, 12 h/12 h in a greenhouse [35].…”

Section: Rearing Of the Bsf Larvaementioning

confidence: 99%

Appressoria Formation in Phytopathogenic Fungi Suppressed by Antimicrobial Peptides and Hybrid Peptides from Black Soldier Flies

Sun

Zhang

Ouyang³

et al. 2023

Genes

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Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from black solider flies (Hermetia illucens, BSF) exhibiting broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity are the most promising green substitutes for preventing the infection of phytopathogenic fungi; therefore, AMPs have been a focal topic of research. Recently, many studies have focused on the antibacterial activities of BSF AMPs against animal pathogens; however, currently, their antifungal activities against phytopathogenic fungi remain unclear. In this study, 7 AMPs selected from 34 predicted AMPs based on BSF metagenomics were artificially synthesized. When conidia from the hemibiotrophic phytopathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum acutatum were treated with the selected AMPs, three selected AMPs—CAD1, CAD5, and CAD7—showed high appressorium formation inhibited by lengthened germ tubes. Additionally, the MIC50 concentrations of the inhibited appressorium formations were 40 μM, 43 μM, and 43 μM for M. oryzae, while 51 μM, 49 μM, and 44 μM were observed for C. acutatum, respectively. A tandem hybrid AMP named CAD-Con comprising CAD1, CAD5, and CAD7 significantly enhanced antifungal activities, and the MIC50 concentrations against M. oryzae and C. acutatum were 15 μM and 22 μM, respectively. In comparison with the wild type, they were both significantly reduced in terms of virulence when infection assays were performed using the treated conidia of M. oryzae or C. acutatum by CAD1, CAD5, CAD7, or CAD-Con. Meanwhile, their expression levels of CAD1, CAD5, and CAD7 could also be activated and significantly increased after the BSF larvae were treated with the conidia of M. oryzae or C. acutatum, respectively. To our knowledge, the antifungal activities of BSF AMPs against plant pathogenic fungi, which help us to seek potential AMPs with antifungal activities, provide proof of the effectiveness of green control strategies for crop production.

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Inhibition of Zoonotic Pathogens Naturally Found in Pig Manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Their Intestine Bacteria

Cited by 17 publications

References 47 publications

Uptake and Survival of African Swine Fever Virus in Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae

Uptake and Survival of African Swine Fever Virus in Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae

African traditional use of edible insects and challenges towards the future trends of food and feed

Appressoria Formation in Phytopathogenic Fungi Suppressed by Antimicrobial Peptides and Hybrid Peptides from Black Soldier Flies

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