Inhibition of return: Neural basis and function

Posner, Michael I.; Rafal, Robert D.; Choate, Lisa S.; Vaughan, Jonathan

doi:10.1080/02643298508252866

Cited by 1,083 publications

(1,010 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…To summarise, neglect patients had slower RTs than controls. Controls showed an advantage of valid over invalid trials at 150-ms SOA; for longer SOAs, this advantage turned into a cost, as predicted by the notion of inhibition of return [20,26,27,29]. Neglect patients showed a disproportionate cost for left targets preceded by right (invalid) cues; this cost was maximal at the shortest SOA, consistent with the idea of a biased exogenous orienting in neglect.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Variability of response times as a marker of diverted attention

Siéroff¹,

Chokron²,

Decaix³

2001

Neuropsychologia

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propose that this lack of consistency is an important determinant of patients' behaviour, and may result from a deficit independent of other mechanisms causing neglect. Here we suggest that an increase of variability, and not only of RTs, is to be expected when attention is exogenously biased away from the probed location. Consequently, space-based variability can be interpreted in the framework of existing models of unilateral neglect. According to one such model, a basic impairment in left neglect is a bias toward rightward exogenous orienting of attention. As a result, left targets often fail to rapidly capture patients' attention, thus yielding slow RTs. However, since the probability for a left target attracting attention is low but not null, relatively fast RTs can occur on those rare occasions in which a left target does capture patients' attention. The coexistence of these relatively fast with slow RTs could be at the basis of space-based variability in neglect. Empirical support for our hypothesis comes from the results of a re-analysis for variability of cued RTs obtained in 18 normal individuals and six left neglect patients. Cues were peripheral and non-informative, thus eliciting an exogenous attentional shift. For normal individuals, invalid trials yielded less consistent response times than valid trials at short (150 ms) cue-target interval; for neglect patients, a similar phenomenon occurred for left invalidly-cued targets, thus paralleling the disproportionate cost in RTs typically evoked by this condition in unilateral neglect. We conclude by discussing some possible determinants of gradient-shaped effects and by outlining the implications of space-based variability for current models of unilateral neglect.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Variability of response times as a marker of diverted attention

Siéroff¹,

Chokron²,

Decaix³

2001

Neuropsychologia

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“…There are several arguments against this, and in favor of the suggestion that the focus of attention can consult activated memory only once. Theoretically, the act of recall may interfere with the activated-memory record (Cowan, Saults, Elliott, & Moreno, 2002), or there may be a phenomenon analogous to inhibition of return (Posner, Rafal, Choate, & Vaughan, 1985), which can occur not only for spatial locations but also for previously-attended objects (Tipper, Driver, & Weaver, 1991).…”

Section: Assumption 3: Single Iteration Of Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes

Cowan

Elliott

Saults

et al. 2005

Cognitive Psychology

977

1,051

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Working memory (WM) is the set of mental processes holding limited information in a temporarily accessible state in service of cognition. We provide a theoretical framework to understand the relation between WM and aptitude measures. The WM measures that have yielded high correlations with aptitudes include separate storage and processing task components, on the assumption that WM involves both storage and processing. We argue that the critical aspect of successful WM measures is that rehearsal and grouping processes are prevented, allowing a clearer estimate of how many separate chunks of information the focus of attention circumscribes at once. Storage-and-processing tasks correlate with aptitudes, according to this view, largely because the processing task prevents rehearsal and grouping of items to be recalled. In a developmental study, we document that several scope-of-attention measures that do not include a separate processing component, but nevertheless prevent efficient rehearsal or grouping, also correlate well with aptitudes and with storage-andprocessing measures. So does digit span in children too young to rehearse. Keywordsworking memory; short-term memory; individual differences; variation in working memory; cholastic abilities; intellectual abilities; attention; capacity; storage capacity Baddeley and Hitch (1974) highlighted a key theoretical construct, working memory (WM), which can be described generally as the set of mechanisms capable of retaining a small amount of information in an active state for use in ongoing cognitive tasks (though it now means Research on WM suggests that the measures used most often to examine individual differences have both strengths and weaknesses. A main type of strength is their strong correlation with intellectual aptitude tests, and a main type of weakness is the difficulty encountered in analyzing and interpreting WM test results. This difficulty stems largely from the reliance on dual tasks in the measurement of WM capacity (which include separate storage and processing task components). We will argue that the research literature provides hints that the strengths can be retained without using storage-and-processing measures. We will offer a theoretical framework for doing so, and for measuring WM in a more meaningful way than is found with current measurement practices. The theoretical framework is based on the notion of an adjustable attentional focus and on measures of the storage capacity of attention or its scope. The predictions tested in the present article pertain to the scope of attention, whereas the adjustable nature of the focus allows consistency with other highly relevant research (e.g., Kane, Bleckley, Conway, & Engle, 2001).We do not judge the success of this endeavor by whether storage-and-processing measures or the proposed alternative, scope-of-attention measures, pick up more variance in aptitude tasks.Rather, success will be judged by whether the variance that is picked up contributes to our understanding of the processes underlyi...

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“…For SOAs longer than ,300 ms, uncued targets evoke faster responses than cued targets [25±27], as if attention was inhibited from returning to previously explored objects. This phenomenon is known as IOR [28], and is often interpreted as re¯ecting a mechanism which promotes the exploration of the visual scene by inhibiting repeated orientations toward the same locations [26,29]. When peripheral informative cues are used, the cue validity effect persists even at longer SOAs, thus suggesting that the initial exogenous shift is later replaced by a more controlled, endogenous shift towards the same location [30] (Fig.…”

Section: The Posner Paradigmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orienting of attention in left unilateral neglect

Bartolomeo

Chokron

2002

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

284

137

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After right posterior brain damage, patients may ignore events occurring on their left, a condition known as unilateral neglect. Although de®cits at different levels of impairment may be at work in different patients, the frequency and severity of attentional problems in neglect patients have been repeatedly underlined. Recent advances in the knowledge of the mechanisms of spatial attention in normals may help characterizing these de®cits. The present review focuses on studies exploring several aspect of attentional processing in unilateral neglect, with particular reference to the dichotomy between`exogenous', or stimulus-related, and`endogenous', or strategy-driven, orienting of attention. A large amount of neuropsychological evidence suggests that a basic mechanism leading to left neglect behavior is an impaired exogenous orienting toward left-sided targets. In contrast, endogenous processes seem to be relatively preserved, if slowed, in left unilateral neglect. Other component de®cits, such as a general slowing of the operations of spatial attention, might contribute to neglect behavior. These results are presented and discussed, and their implications for hemispheric specialization in attentional orienting and for the mechanisms of visual consciousness are explored. q

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Inhibition of return: Neural basis and function

Cited by 1,083 publications

References 8 publications

Variability of response times as a marker of diverted attention

Variability of response times as a marker of diverted attention

On the capacity of attention: Its estimation and its role in working memory and cognitive aptitudes

Orienting of attention in left unilateral neglect

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