The replicative properties of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) mutants with altered receptor binding characteristics were analyzed following intranasal inoculation of mice. Among the mutants examined was a virus containing a Y98F substitution at a conserved position in the receptor binding site that leads to a 20-fold reduction in binding. This mutant can replicate as well as wild-type (WT) virus in MDCK cells and in embryonated chicken eggs but is highly attenuated in mice, exhibiting titers in lungs more than 1,000-fold lower than those of the WT. The capacity of the Y98F mutant to induce antibody responses and the structural locations of HA reversion mutations are examined.Influenza A viruses attach to host cells due to interactions between the hemagglutinin (HA) and cell surface glycoconjugates containing terminal sialic acids (17). A shallow depression of conserved amino acids at the membrane-distal tip of each monomer of the HA trimer serves as the receptor binding site, and this has been characterized in detail based on the structures of HA-receptor analog complexes (9,11,30,32). In all HA-receptor complexes, the location of sialic acid in the binding site is virtually superimposable in the binding pocket, while the structural configuration of the other sugars of receptor analogs can vary considerably.The type of linkage by which sialic acid is attached to the penultimate galactose sugar of influenza virus receptors can be associated with species specificity, with avian viruses preferring ␣2,3-linked receptors and human viruses favoring receptors containing ␣2,6 linkages (5, 27, 29). Numerous reports have related changes in linkage specificity to HA residues 226 and 228 (H3 numbering) at the left side of the binding site (5,14,23,28,29,(34)(35)(36)(37)39). However, studies on HA mutations associated with growth of human clinical isolates in eggs (7,8,16,24,25), variability among viruses isolated from different species (5,19,21,22,26,28), and mutations of avian virus HAs that affect the binding specificity (20,31,34,35,39,40) demonstrate that a range of residues in the vicinity of the binding site may affect receptor recognition properties. Depending on the host cells and replication environment, as well as the virus strain or subtype, any number of these residues could be relevant for adaptation.The structure of the HA of A/Aichi/2/68 virus (H3 subtype) and that of its receptor binding region are shown in Fig. 1. In a previous study, several HA mutants with substitutions at conserved positions were analyzed quantitatively for binding to human erythrocytes and a range of phenotypes was detected (18). Despite the abundance of data on receptor binding mutants, receptor specificity, and the relationship to host species for influenza viruses, there is little information that directly relates receptor binding activity that has been quantitatively determined to efficiency of influenza virus infection in vivo. Here we investigate a selection of the mutant viruses generated by reverse genetics for their ability ...