“…Chronic hypoxia has long been considered to be the final common pathological condition for various types of CKDs. Accumulating evidence show that HIF, especially HIF-1α, is a key regulator of renal fibrosis under various pathological conditions [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]. However, it is still controversial whether HIF is pro-fibrotic or anti-fibrotic.…”