Inhibition of plant viral systemic infection by non‐toxic concentrations of cadmium

Ghoshroy, Soumitra; Freedman, Karen; Lartey, R. T.; Citovsky, Vitaly

doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00061.x

Cited by 80 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The systemic movement of the silencing signal takes days and typically moves from leaves (photosynthetic source) to roots and growing points (sucrose sinks) ; this flow is characteristic of phloem (discussed in (Turgeon and Wolf, 2009;De Schepper et al, 2013)). Furthermore, phloem transport blocked by cadmium inhibits systemic silencing spread (Beclin et al, 1998;Ghoshroy et al, 1998). Later, it was also shown that phloem flow strongly influences the systemic spread of silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana and that the direction of systemic spread of silencing from inducer to sensor can be manipulated by altering sink/source relations in the plant (Tournier et al, 2006).…”

Section: Efsa Supporting Publication 2017:en-1246mentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature review of baseline information to support the risk assessment of RNAi‐based GM plants

Pačes

Nič²,

Novotný³

et al. 2017

EFS3

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This report is the outcome of an EFSA procurement aiming at investigating and summarising the state of knowledge on (I) the mode-of-action of dsRNA and miRNA pathways, (II) the potential for nontarget gene regulation by dsRNA-derived siRNAs or miRNAs, (III) the determination of siRNA pools in plant tissues and the importance of individual siRNAs for silencing. The report is based on a comprehensive and systematic literature search, starting with the identification and retrieval of~190,000 publications related to the research area and further filtered down with keywords to produce focused collections used for subsequent screening of titles and abstracts. The report is comprised of an (I) Introduction to the field of small RNAs, (II) a Data and Methodologies section containing strategies used for literature search and study selection, and (III) the Results of the literature review organized according to the three main procurement tasks. The outcome of the first task reviews dsRNA and miRNA pathways in mammals (including humans), birds, fish, arthropods, annelids, molluscs, nematodes, and plants. Eight taxon-dedicated chapters are based on~1,400 cumulative references chosen from~10,000 inspected titles and abstracts. We review conserved and divergent aspects of small RNA pathways and dsRNA responses in animals and plants including structure and function of key proteins as well as four basic mechanisms: genome-encoded posttranscriptional regulations (miRNA), degradation of RNAs by short interfering RNA pools generated from long dsRNA (RNAi), transcriptional silencing, and sequence-independent responses to dsRNA. The outcome of the second task focuses on base pairing between small RNAs and their target RNAs and predictability of biological effects of small RNAs in animals and plants. The outcome of the last task reviews methodology, siRNA pools, and movement of small RNAs in plants. Potential transfer of small RNAs between species and circulating miRNAs in mammals is described in the final chapter.

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Section: Efsa Supporting Publication 2017:en-1246mentioning

confidence: 99%

Literature review of baseline information to support the risk assessment of RNAi‐based GM plants

Pačes

Nič²,

Novotný³

et al. 2017

EFS3

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“…How does this effect of overexpressed calreticulin influence viral infection and cell-to-cell movement? To address this question, we used a coat protein (CP) assay in which TMV presence is detected by appearance of the viral CP within the inoculated tissues (Lartey et al, 1997;Ghoshroy et al, 1998;Chen et al, 2000;Waigmann et al, 2000). N. benthamiana leaves were inoculated with TMV, and the appearance of TMV CP due to the cell-to-cell movement of the virus was assayed in leaf areas distal to the inoculation site using western-blot analysis and anti-TMV CP antibodies.…”

Section: Calreticulin-tmv Mp Interaction In Vivo and In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Calreticulin on Viral Cell-to-Cell Movement

et al. 2005

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Cell-to-cell tobacco mosaic virus movement protein (TMV MP) mediates viral spread between the host cells through plasmodesmata. Although several host factors have been shown to interact with TMV MP, none of them coresides with TMV MP within plasmodesmata. We used affinity purification to isolate a tobacco protein that binds TMV MP and identified it as calreticulin. The interaction between TMV MP and calreticulin was confirmed in vivo and in vitro, and both proteins were shown to share a similar pattern of subcellular localization to plasmodesmata. Elevation of the intracellular levels of calreticulin severely interfered with plasmodesmal targeting of TMV MP, which, instead, was redirected to the microtubular network. Furthermore, in TMV-infected plant tissues overexpressing calreticulin, the inability of TMV MP to reach plasmodesmata substantially impaired cell-to-cell movement of the virus. Collectively, these observations suggest a functional relationship between calreticulin, TMV MP, and viral cell-to-cell movement.Following initial infection (usually by mechanical inoculation), many plant viruses, such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), spread from cell to cell through plasmodesmata (for review, see Heinlein, 2002;Waigmann et al., 2004), presumably utilizing the existing cellular pathways of plasmodesmal transport. In the case of TMV, this virus encodes a specific cell-to-cell movement protein (MP), which mediates the transport of the viral genomic RNA through plasmodesmata (Deom et al., 1987). To date, MP has been shown to bind TMV RNA (Citovsky et al., 1990(Citovsky et al., , 1992, associate with the cytoskeleton (Heinlein et al., 1995;McLean et al., 1995;Boyko et al., 2000) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER; Heinlein et al., 1998;Reichel and Beachy, 1999), target to plasmodesmata within plant cell walls (Tomenius et al., 1987;Ding et al., 1992a), increase plasmodesmal permeability (Wolf et al., 1989;Waigmann et al., 1994), and undergo negative regulation by phosphorylation (Citovsky et al., 1993;Waigmann et al., 2000;Trutnyeva et al., 2005). To perform many of these functions, TMV MP most likely cooperates with different cellular factors, some of which, such as cell wall pectin methylesterases (PME; Dorokhov et al., 1999;Chen et al., 2000), microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments (Heinlein et al., 1995;McLean et al., 1995;Boyko et al., 2000), and a RIO protein kinase (Yoshioka et al., 2004), are known, while others remain to be discovered. It would be especially interesting to determine whether cellular proteins exist that not only recognize TMV MP but also coreside with it within plasmodesmata.Using TMV MP as specific ligand in a biochemical purification protocol, we showed that it interacts with plant calreticulin. Calreticulin is a Ca 21 -sequestering protein that is highly conserved between different species, including plants ( Nelson et al., 1997; Borisjuk et al., 1998, and refs. therein;Michalak et al., 1998). Functionally, calreticulin is involved in Ca 21 storage and signaling, chaperone activity, cell ad...

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“…The effects of other stress factors on virus infection have been also investigated (Ghoshroy et al, 1998). Favourable side effects of some herbicides and plant extracts, as virus inhibitors, have been discovered (Schuster, 1972(Schuster, , 1982Horvá th and Hunyadi, 1973;Rao et al, 1994;Kazinczi et al, 2002Kazinczi et al, , 2003Kazinczi et al, , 2005a.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herbicide-Affected Plant Metabolism Reduces Virus Propagation

Kazinczi

Gáspár

Nyitrai

et al. 2006

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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It has been previously shown that certain herbicides or plant extracts inhibited the viral infection. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of Obuda pepper virus (ObPV) infection and herbicide or plant extract treatments on the photosynthetic processes of the host plants to get informations about the interactions of these factors. In Capsicum annuumObPV host-virus relations the virus infection slightly increased the activity of photosystem II (PSII), as it was supposed from fluorescence induction parameters. Chlorophyll content of leaves was also elevated probably due to virus-induced growth inhibition. The herbicide Stomp (active ingredient: pendimethalin) incorporated into the soil one week before planting (preplant treatment) together with virus infection even strengthened these effects in agreement with previous observations that this herbicide always did not prevent virus infection or reduce virus concentration in hosts. In ObPV-infected Nicotiana tabacum the structural changes showed similar tendency like in ObPV-infected C. annuum, but PSII efficiency did not significantly differ from that of the control. However, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) increased because of the strongly decreasing CO 2 fixation activity. Though simultaneous application of a water extract of Cirsium arvense shoot caused a little stronger inhibition of CO 2 fixation, little loss in production was obtained due to significant reduction in virus concentration. In Solanum nigrum-ObPV relation the slightly increasing tendency of the values of actual PSII quantum efficiency could be related to the probably elevated ratio of reaction centre components (increased chlorophyll a/b ratio) in the thylakoids. Application of the herbicide Fusilade S (active ingredient: fluazifop-P-butyl) at 4Ð6 leaf stage as a postemergence treatment practically prevented systemic virus infection and the virus-induced changes of photosynthesis are probably due to inhibiting the virus infection/replication process.

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Inhibition of plant viral systemic infection by non‐toxic concentrations of cadmium

Cited by 80 publications

References 37 publications

Literature review of baseline information to support the risk assessment of RNAi‐based GM plants

Literature review of baseline information to support the risk assessment of RNAi‐based GM plants

Effects of Calreticulin on Viral Cell-to-Cell Movement

Herbicide-Affected Plant Metabolism Reduces Virus Propagation

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