Inhibition of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors improves histological and behavioral outcomes after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats

Abstract

Release of large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a gliotransmitter, into the extracellular space by traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered to activate the microglia followed by release of inflammatory cytokines resulting in excessive inflammatory response that induces secondary brain injury. The present study investigated whether antagonists of ATP receptors (P2X4 and/or P2X7) on microglia are beneficial for reducing the post-injury inflammatory response that leads to secondary injury, a prognostic aggravation factor of TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to cortical contusion injury (CCI) and randomly assigned to injury and drug treatment conditions, as follows: i) No surgical intervention (naïve group); ii) dimethyl sulfoxide treatment after CCI (CCI-control group); iii) 5-BDBD (antagonist of P2X4 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD group); iv) CCI-AZ11645373 (antagonist of P2X7 receptor) treatment after CCI (CCI-AZ11645373 group); v) or 5-BDBD and AZ11645373 treatment after CCI (CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 group). In the CCI-5-BDBD, CCI-AZ11645373, and CCI-5-BDBD + AZ11645373 groups, expression of activated microglia was suppressed in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus 3 days after the CCI. Western blotting with ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 antibody revealed that administration of CCI-5-BDBD and/or CCI-AZ11645373 suppressed expression of microglia and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA 3 days after the CCI. Furthermore, the plus maze test, which reflects the spatial memory function and involves the hippocampal function, showed improvement 28 days after secondary injury to the hippocampus. These findings confirmed that blocking the P2X4 and P2X7 receptors, which are ATP receptors central in gliotransmission, suppresses microglial activation and subsequent cytokine expression after brain injury, and demonstrates the potential as an effective treatment for reducing secondary brain injury.

Role of HDAC5 Epigenetics in Chronic Craniofacial Neuropathic Pain

“…Contrarily, LMK235 downregulated P2rx4 RNA expression. Thus decrease in P2X4R would be equivalent to the effects of P2X4R antagonists, which have been shown to enhance spatial memory, subdue microglial activation, and decrease cytokine release in a traumatic brain injury model when administered continuously for three consecutive days starting at the time of model induction [32]. Macrophage and Schwann cell P2X4R also promote cytokine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor release implicated in injured nerve regeneration and remyelination [26,33].…”