Inhibition of Neutrophil Spreading during Adhesion to Fibronectin Reveals Formation of Long Tubulovesicular Cell Extensions (Cytonemes)

Novel membrane cell projection defects in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome B cells

“…However, tenupodia correspond to those previously described as 'retraction fibers' (30,31). Cytonemes have already been described in neutrophils (29,32) and also in B lymphocytes (33). These B cell cytonemes, rich in lipid rafts and actin filaments, are proposed to play a role in long-range communication and/or transportation of signaling molecules during the immune response (33).…”

“…Two different morphologies of pseudopodia have been reported (7). Magnupod extensions, described as thin, occurring at large distances (>300 μm) from the main cell body and showing rapid dynamic behavior, have been proposed by several groups to be equivalent to the structures known as cytonemes (29) or proteopodia (4,30). However, tenupodia correspond to those previously described as 'retraction fibers' (30,31).…”

Microbial alkaloid staurosporine induces formation of nanometer-wide membrane tubular extensions (cytonemes, membrane tethers) in human neutrophils

“…Depolymerization of actin filaments by cytochalasine D (Cyt D) induced cytonemes formation in neutrophils as revealed by phase contrast microscopy. 8 Cyt D-induced extensions are characterized by rapid appearance and destruction due to swelling and lysis, which complicated fixation of extension for the electron microscopy study. This could be ascribed to the ability of Cyt D to stimulate secretion of lysosomal hydrolases desrupting 2D).…”

“…4,5 Similar membrane tethers can be pulled from the neutrophil bodies by a micropipette manipulation. 6,7 Membrane tubulovesicular extensions resembling neutrophil membrane tethers in size and behaviour appeared on the neutrophil cell bodies upon adhesion to fibronectin-coated substrata in Na + -free extracellular medium or in the presence of actin-disrupting agents cytochalasin D or B, an alkylating agent 4-bromophenacyl bromide, 8 inhibitors of glucose metabolism and inhibitors of vacuolar type ATPases, chloride channel inhibitors. 9 Nitric oxide (NO), the physiological regulator of leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, appears to be a natural causative factor for TVE formation.…”

Membrane tubulovesicular extensions (cytonemes)

“…[1][2][3][4] The formation of similar tubular structures, called membrane tethers, membrane tubulovesicular or thread-like extensions was also observed in human neutrophils and primary splenic lymphocytes. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Later, many studies concerning cell-cell communication through "tunneling nanotubes" or "membrane nanotubules" were initiated after thin intercellular connections were detected in rat pheochromocytoma cells and a variety of mammalian immune cells. 14 in this review, we summarized data on the formation and structure of the long and highly adhesive membrane tubulovesicular extensions (Tves, membrane tethers or cytonemes) observed in human neutrophils and other mammalian cells, protozoan parasites and bacteria.…”