Inhibition of human MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell invasion by matrix metalloproteinase 3 involves degradation of plasminogen

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 inhibited human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell invasion through reconstituted basement membrane in vitro. Inhibition of invasion was dependent upon plasminogen and MMP-3 activation, was impaired by the peptide MMP-3 inhibitor Ac-Arg-CysGly-Val-Pro-Asp-NH 2 and was associated with: rapid MMP-3-mediated plasminogen degradation to microplasminogen and angiostatin-like fragments; the removal of single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator from MDA-MB-231 cell membranes; impaired membrane plasminogen association; reduced rate of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and membrane-mediated plasminogen activation; and reduced laminin-degrading capacity. Purified human plasminogen lysine binding site-1 (kringles 1-3) exhibited a similar capacity to inhibit MDA-MB-231 invasion, impair t-PA and cell membrane-mediated plasminogen activation and impair laminin degradation by plasmin. Our data provide evidence that MMP-3 can inhibit breast tumour cell invasion in vitro by a mechanism involving plasminogen degradation to fragments that limit plasminogen activation and the degradation of laminin. This supports the hypothesis that MMP-3, under certain conditions, may protect against tumour invasion, which would help to explain why MMP-3 expression, associated with benign and early stage breast tumours, is frequently lost in advanced stage, aggressive, breast disease.Keywords: angiostatin-like; invasion; laminin; matrix metalloproteinase-3; plasminogen.The transition from carcinoma in situ to invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast is a relevant index of malignant behaviour and is characterized by loss and fragmentation of the ductal basement membrane (BM) [1,2]. Invasive breast tumour behaviour is associated with matrix-degrading enzyme over-expression, considered to be responsible for the promotion of the proteolytic environment required for destabilization and fragmentation of the ductal BM [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The invasive process has been effectively modelled in vitro using a reconstituted BM matrix prepared from mouse Engelbreath-Holm-Schwarm (EHS) sarcoma [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].A general concept is that a proteolytic cascade involving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the plasmin system degrades BM structures as a prerequisite for tumour cell invasion [17][18][19]. Plasmin activated from plasminogen by urokinase and tissue type plasminogen activators (uPA and t-PA, respectively) amplified at the tumour cell or matrix surface, degrades BM components and activates MMPs resulting in further amplification of BM degradation [17][18][19][20][21]. Amongst the MMP family, MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) is considered pivotal to the integration of plasmin and MMP systems, as it is highly sensitive to activation by plasmin and activates several MMPs. In addition, MMP-3 exhibits substrate specificity for BM components and has been implicated directly in both tumorigenesis and tumour invasion in vivo [19,[22][23][24].Recently, however, there has been a change in opinion about the potential roles played by ...

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“…This was observed in human fi broblasts and breast cancer cell lines [ 7,170 ] . This is interesting since in breast cancer, MMP-3 expression was associated with benign early stage tumors and is frequently lost in advanced stage, aggressive cancers [ 171 ] . Therefore, it was speculated that loss of PKD1 expression and the resulting altered MMP expression may be linked to a switch driving the progression from benign to malignant tumors [ 7 ] .…”

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