“…In addition to chemotherapy, immunotherapies, such as CAR-T [ 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ] and immune checkpoint inhibitors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death protein 1 ligand (PD-L1) [ 72 , 73 , 74 ], have been recently investigated for GBM treatment. Moreover, induced pluripotent stem cell-based regenerative medicine [ 75 ] and gene therapies (adenovirus, herpes simplex virus-1, retrovirus, shRNA, siRNA, non-viral vectors) have been developed and evaluated [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ]. We will evaluate the combination of our mAb-EV-Ver-A and immunotherapy or gene therapy for GBM treatment in the future.…”