Inhibition of gastric functions by stimulation of the rat locus coeruleus

Osumi, Yoshitsugu; Ishikawa, Takahiro; Okuma, Yasunobu; Nagasaka, Yasunori; Fujiwara, Motohatsu

doi:10.1016/0014-2999(81)90341-1

Cited by 35 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Card et al, 1990, showed that the transynaptic retrograde tracer, Pseudorabies virus, injected into the corpus of the stomach resulted in the appearance of virus in the DMV 64 hours post-injection, and in the locus coeruleus 70 hours post-injection. Lastly, stimulation of locus coeruleus neurons produced vagus nerve-mediated decreases in gastric motility (Osumi et al, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ultrastructural evidence for selective noradrenergic innervation of CNS vagal projections to the fundus of the rat

Pearson

Gatti

Sahibzada

et al. 2007

Autonomic Neuroscience

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We reported pharmacological data suggesting that stimulation of the vago-vagal reflex activates noradrenergic neurons in the hindbrain that inhibit dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons projecting to the fundus, but not to the antrum [Ferreira Jr., M., Sahibzada, N., Shi, M., Panico, W., Neidringhaus, M., Wasserman, A., Kellar, K.J., Verbalis, J., Gillis, R.A., 2002. CNS site of action and brainstem circuitry responsible for the intravenous effects of nicotine on gastric tone. J. Neurosci. 22, 2764-2779.]. The purpose of this study was to use an ultrastructural approach to test the hypothesis that noradrenergic terminals form synapses with DMV fundus-projecting neurons, but not with DMV antrum-projecting neurons. A retrograde tracer, CTbeta-HRP, was injected into the gastric smooth muscle of either the fundus or the antrum of rats. Animals were re-anesthetized 48 h later and perfusion-fixed with acrolein and paraformaldehyde. Brainstems were processed histochemically for CTbeta-HRP, and immunocytochemically for either DbetaH or PNMT by dual-labeling electron microscopic methods. Most cell bodies and dendrites of neurons that were retrogradely labeled from the stomach occurred at the level of the area postrema. Examination of 482 synapses on 238 neurons that projected to the fundus revealed that 17.4+/-2.7% (n=4) of synaptic contacts were with DbetaH-IR terminals. Of 165 fundus-projecting neurons, 4.4+/-1.5% (n=4) formed synaptic contacts with PNMT-IR terminals. In contrast, the examination of 384 synapses on 223 antrum-projecting neurons revealed no synaptic contact with DbetaH-IR terminals. These data provide proof that norepinephrine containing nerve terminals synapse with DMV fundus-projecting neurons but not with DMV antrum-projecting neurons. These data also suggest that brainstem circuitry controlling the fundus differs from circuitry controlling the antrum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ultrastructural evidence for selective noradrenergic innervation of CNS vagal projections to the fundus of the rat

Pearson

Gatti

Sahibzada

et al. 2007

Autonomic Neuroscience

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“…We assume that the A2 norepinephrine neurons are the important source of the terminals in our study, but there also is evidence that A6 norepinephrine neurons are another source of these terminals (48). We have singled out the A6 noradrenergic cell group from the noradrenergic cell groups, i.e., A1 and A5, because of the report that excitation of A6 neurons produces vagus nerve-mediated decreases in gastric motility (30). Rogers et al (39) were the first to demonstrate that noradrenergic neurons in the rat NTS were activated by esophageal distension, and they provided data indicating that these neurons participated in the esophageal-gastric relaxation reflex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hindbrain chemical mediators of reflex-induced inhibition of gastric tone produced by esophageal distension and intravenous nicotine

Ferreira

Sahibzada

Shi

et al. 2005

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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The purpose of this study was to activate a vagovagal reflex by using esophageal distension and nicotine and test whether hindbrain nitric oxide and norepinephrine are involved in this reflex function. We used double-labeling immunocytochemical methods to determine whether esophageal distension (and nicotine) activates c-Fos expression in nitrergic and noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). We also studied c-Fos expression in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) neurons projecting to the periphery. Esophageal distension caused 19.7 +/- 2.3% of the noradrenergic NTS neurons located 0.60 mm rostral to the calamus scriptorius (CS) to be activated but had little effect on c-Fos in DMV neurons. Intravenous administration of nicotine caused 19.7 +/- 4.2% of the noradrenergic NTS neurons 0.90 mm rostral to CS to be activated and, as reported previously, had no effect on c-Fos expression in DMV neurons. To determine whether norepinephrine and nitric oxide were central mediators of esophageal distension-induced decrease in intragastric pressure (balloon recording), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester microinjected into the NTS (n = 5), but not into the DMV, blocked the vagovagal reflex. Conversely, alpha2-adrenergic blockers microinjected into the DMV (n = 7), but not into the NTS, blocked the vagovagal reflex. These data, in combination with our earlier pharmacological microinjection data with nicotine, indicate that both esophageal distension and nicotine produce nitric oxide in the NTS, which then activates noradrenergic neurons that terminate on and inhibit DMV neurons.

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“…The LC has also been reported to affect gastric functions (Osumi, Ishikawa, Okuma, Nagasaka, & Fujiwara, 1981) and the urinary bladder (Osurni, Oishi, Fujiwara, & Takaori, 1975). These data provide sufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that the LC has a role in the vegetative sphere.…”

Section: Possible Vegetative Functions the Of Lcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological perspectives on locus coeruleus: Its role in cognitive versus vegetative functions

1985

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The hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC) may be involved in the control of cognitive and/or vegetative processes is reviewed, primarily focusing on electrophysiological experiments. With the impact of this nucleus on target neurons in different brain areas and with the activity pattern of LC neurons in conscious animals, the electrophysiological data are, to a large extent, in keeping with the postulated role of the LC in cognitive processes. A considerable body of evidence from lesion and stimulation experiments points to a possible function of the LC in the control of autonomic processes. In particular, many studies suggest a role in the central control of blood pressure. The electrophysiological data, although not entirely ruling out such a function, are not in keeping with this hypothesis. In conclusion, although there is a case for the LC's having a role both in the cognitive sphere and in the vegetative sphere, the exact role of the LC in both of them remains to be elucidated.The locus coeruleus (LC) is a brain nucleus which persistently attracts numerous scientists to use a variety of methodological approaches and methods to study its functions. Over the past couple of years, these studies have provided a steadily increasing list of postulated roles for the LC. Unfortunately, this list is not only long but also contains numerous inconsistencies. The primary postulated functions of the LC, most of which have been proposed on the basis of behavioral investigations, are summarized in Figure 1. The suggested functions can be divided arbitrarily into those related to the cognitive sphere and those belonging more to the vegetative or emotional sphere. The role of the LC in the control of attention (Pisa & Fibiger, 1983) and processes related to learning and memory (Hagan, Alpert, Morris, & Iversen, 1983;Mair & McEntee, 1983) is still debated. The amine hypothesis of mood control has still not been proven but remains, at the moment, one of the most attractive hypotheses concerning the etiology of depression. Although a considerable body of clinical and animal experimental data speaks in its favor, it may ultimately turn out to be incorrect.It is not possible to cover in a single article all the postulated functions of the LC. Therefore, we chose to discuss in a synoptic manner only two aspects of the LC-(1) the postulated role in cognitive processes, and (2) functions in the vegetative sphere. Both will be discussed primarily from an electrophysiological point of view. The first topic we selected because most electrophysiological data are in keeping with this hypothesis. The second topic was included because, interestingly enough, it strongly challenges the role of the LC in cog-The authors' mailing address is: Biology Research Laboratories, Pharmaceuticals Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd., 4002 Basel, Switzerland. nition. The list of putative functions depicted in Figure 1 is incomplete, and some of those not mentioned will be dealt with in separate papers of this issue. Traditionally, the LC has mostly been cons...

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Inhibition of gastric functions by stimulation of the rat locus coeruleus

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Ultrastructural evidence for selective noradrenergic innervation of CNS vagal projections to the fundus of the rat

Ultrastructural evidence for selective noradrenergic innervation of CNS vagal projections to the fundus of the rat

Hindbrain chemical mediators of reflex-induced inhibition of gastric tone produced by esophageal distension and intravenous nicotine

Electrophysiological perspectives on locus coeruleus: Its role in cognitive versus vegetative functions

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