Inhibition of endocytosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by rottlerin and its potential prophylactic administration in piglets

Rottlerin plays an antiviral role at early and late steps of Zika virus infection

“…We further confirmed that rottlerin inhibited the replication of ZIKV and another two enveloped viruses (VSV and HSV) in the human lung carcinoma epithelial cells A549. To date, rottlerin has been documented to inhibit the infection of many enveloped viruses, including HIV-1 ( Contreras et al., 2012 ), HTLV-1 ( Mori et al., 2015 ), Rift valley fever virus ( Filone et al., 2010 ), PRRSV ( Kang et al., 2021 ), rabies virus ( Lama et al., 2019 ), La Crosse virus ( Ojha et al., 2021a ), SARS-CoV-2 ( Chen et al., 2021 ), chikungunya virus ( Abdelnabi et al., 2017 ). This study further revealed that rottlerin conferred an antiviral activity against ZIKV and dengue virus ( Supplementary Fig.…”

“…Interestingly, rottlerin confers inhibitory activity against many pathogens, including viruses, parasite ( Ietta et al., 2017 ), and bacteria ( Pandey et al., 2016 ; Shivshankar et al., 2008 ) in cultured cells and in animal models ( Kang et al., 2021 ; Ojha et al., 2021a ). The anti-pathogen effect of rottlerin is exerted either through inhibiting the activation of PKCδ, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), Rift valley fever virus (RVFV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) ( Contreras et al., 2012 ; Filone et al., 2010 ; Kang et al., 2021 ; Mori et al., 2015 ), or through reducing the ATP levels (such as rabies virus) ( Lama et al., 2019 ). Regarding to ZIKV, a recent report showed that rottlerin inhibits its infection in human neuronal stem cells (hNSC) ( Ojha et al., 2021b ).…”

Reappraising host cellular factors involved in attachment and entry to develop antiviral strategies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

“…The importance of antiviral drugs is increasingly apparent owing to PRRSV persistence in pigs. There are a growing number of antiviral agents reported interfering with PRRSV attachment or/and entry, including antimicrobial peptides protegrin-1 ( Guo et al, 2015 ), cecropin P1 ( Guo et al, 2014a ), cecropin D ( Liu et al, 2015 ), lavaspidic acid AB ( Yang et al, 2013 ), glycyrrhizin ( Duan et al, 2015 ), tetrahydroaltersolanol C ( Zhang et al, 2016 ), curcumin ( Du et al, 2017 ), griffithsin ( Li et al, 2018a ), iota-carrageenan ( Guo et al, 2019b ), polyethylenimine ( Wang et al, 2019b ), 25-hydroxycholesterol ( in vitro and in vivo ) ( Ke et al, 2017 ; Song et al, 2017 , 2019 ; Dong et al, 2018 ) and rottlerin ( in vitro and in vivo ) ( Kang et al, 2021 ). Chinese herbal medicines also contain antiviral molecules to block PRRSV attachment and entry ( Bello-Onaghise et al, 2020 ).…”

Rottlerin-Liposome Inhibits Endocytosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection Through PKCδ Dependent Manner

“…Rottlerin(R) is a natural polyphenol ketone compound derived from the powder of Mallotus philippensis, commonly known as Kamala tree, which has been traditionally used as a food additive and a folk remedy to treat mild enteric diseases [1][2][3]. R has been widely used as a protein kinase C δ(PKCδ) specific phosphorylation inhibitor [4][5][6]. R is also known to possess several medicinal properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects [7,8].…”

“…R is also known to possess several medicinal properties such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects [7,8]. Intriguingly, several studies demonstrated that R has inhibitory activity against various pathogens, including parasite, bacteria, and viruses [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13].…”