“…Elaboration of CDDP resistance mechanisms using tumor cell lines has revealed that survival of tumor cells in cisplatin-treated conditions primarily relies on adaptive mechanisms that enable tumor cells in switching to oncogenic mode which enable evasion of cytotoxicity in drug treated conditions [ 13 ]. Thus, utilizing cell lines as models mechanisms mediated through intra-tumoral oncogenes, mutations and signaling cascades, as well as extra-tumoral factors, such as stromal components and non-cellular components, have been identified to affect CDDP sensitivity [ 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Multiple mechanisms mediated by oncogenes, such as exosomal-microRNAs and cell signaling pathways, were identified to promote CDDP-insensitivity in neuroblastoma [ 10 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”